Zakharov Evgueni V, Smith Campbell R, Lees David C, Cameron Alison, Vane-Wright Richard I, Sperling Felix A H
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
Evolution. 2004 Dec;58(12):2763-82. doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01628.x.
Madagascar is home to numerous endemic species and lineages, but the processes that have contributed to its endangered diversity are still poorly understood. Evidence is accumulating to demonstrate the importance of Tertiary dispersal across varying distances of oceanic barriers, supplementing vicariance relationships dating back to the Cretaceous, but these hypotheses remain tentative in the absence of well-supported phylogenies. In the Papilio demoleus group of swallowtail butterflies, three of the five recognized species are restricted to Madagascar, whereas the remaining two species range across the Afrotropical zone and southern Asia plus Australia. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships for all species in the P. demoleus group, as well as 11 outgroup Papilio species, using 60 morphological characters and about 4 kb of nucleotide sequences from two mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase I and II) and two nuclear (wg and EF-1alpha) genes. Of the three endemic Malagasy species, the two that are formally listed as endangered or at risk represented the most basal divergences in the group, while the more common third endemic was clearly related to African P. demodocus. The fifth species, P. demoleus, showed little differentiation across southern Asia, but showed divergence from its subspecies sthenelus in Australia. Dispersal-vicariance analysis using cladograms derived from morphology and three independent genes indicated a Malagasy diversification of lime swallowtails in the middle Miocene. Thus, diversification processes on the island of Madagascar may have contributed to the origin of common butterflies that now occur throughout much of the Old World tropical and subtemperate regions. An alternative hypothesis, that Madagascar is a refuge for ancient lineages resulting from successive colonizations from Africa, is less parsimonious and does not explain the relatively low continental diversity of the group.
马达加斯加是众多特有物种和谱系的家园，但导致其濒危生物多样性的过程仍知之甚少。越来越多的证据表明，第三纪跨不同距离海洋屏障的扩散很重要，这补充了可追溯到白垩纪的间断分布关系，但在缺乏有力系统发育支持的情况下，这些假说仍具有不确定性。在凤蝶科的达摩凤蝶类群中，五个公认物种中的三个仅限于马达加斯加，而其余两个物种分布于泛热带地区以及南亚和澳大利亚。我们利用60个形态学特征以及来自两个线粒体基因（细胞色素氧化酶I和II）和两个核基因（wg和EF - 1α）的约4 kb核苷酸序列，重建了达摩凤蝶类群中所有物种以及11个外群凤蝶物种的系统发育关系。在马达加斯加特有的三个物种中，两个被正式列为濒危或有风险的物种代表了该类群中最基部的分化，而较常见的第三个特有物种显然与非洲的达摩凤蝶有关。第五个物种，达摩凤蝶，在南亚各地几乎没有分化，但与其在澳大利亚的亚种斯氏达摩凤蝶存在差异。利用从形态学和三个独立基因得出的分支图进行的扩散 - 间断分析表明，石灰凤蝶在中新世中期于马达加斯加实现了多样化。因此，马达加斯加岛的多样化过程可能促成了如今在旧世界大部分热带和亚热带地区广泛分布的常见蝴蝶的起源。另一种假说认为，马达加斯加是非洲连续殖民导致的古老谱系的避难所，这种假说缺乏简约性，并且无法解释该类群相对较低的大陆多样性。
