Williams Anthony J, Hartings Jed A, Lu X-C May, Rolli Michael L, Dave Jitendra R, Tortella Frank C
Department of Applied Neurobiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.
J Neurotrauma. 2005 Feb;22(2):313-31. doi: 10.1089/neu.2005.22.313.
Penetrating brain injury (PBI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in modern warfare and accounts for a significant number of traumatic brain injuries worldwide. Here we characterize the pathophysiology of a new rat model of PBI that simulates the large temporary cavity caused by energy dissipation from a penetrating bullet round. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were subjected to a simulated ballistic wound to the right frontal hemisphere implemented by an inflatable penetrating probe. Three levels of injury severity were compared to control animals. Neurological and physiological outcome was assessed over a 3-day recovery period and brain tissue collected at 72 h for histopathological evaluation. Brain-injured regions included the ipsilateral frontal cortex and striatum with volumetric increases in intracranial hemorrhage (5-18 mm3) and lesion size (9-86 mm3) related to severity. Similarly, hemispheric swelling increased (3-14%) following PBI, associated with a significant rise in intracranial pressure. Astrogliosis was present in regions adjacent to the core-injury along with microglial and leukocyte infiltration. Injury remote to the lesion was observed in the cerebral peduncle that may have accounted, in part, for observed neurological deficits. Neurological and balance beam testing revealed sensorimotor deficits that persisted through 72 h. Severe electroencephalographic disturbances included the occurrence of cortical spreading depression, slow-waves, and brain seizure activity. In conclusion, this rat PBI model replicates diverse, salient features of clinical PBI pathology, generates reproducible and quantifiable measures of outcome, and is scalable by injury severity, rendering it an attractive vehicle for experimental brain trauma research.
穿透性脑损伤（PBI）是现代战争中导致死亡和致残的主要原因，在全球范围内造成了大量创伤性脑损伤。在此，我们描述了一种新的PBI大鼠模型的病理生理学，该模型模拟了穿透子弹能量消散所导致的大型临时腔。雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠（250-300克）通过可充气穿透探针接受右侧额叶半球的模拟弹道伤。将三种损伤严重程度水平与对照动物进行比较。在3天的恢复期内评估神经和生理结果，并在72小时时收集脑组织进行组织病理学评估。脑损伤区域包括同侧额叶皮质和纹状体，颅内出血（5-18立方毫米）和损伤大小（9-86立方毫米）的体积增加与严重程度相关。同样，PBI后半球肿胀增加（3-14%），与颅内压显著升高相关。在核心损伤附近区域存在星形胶质细胞增生，同时伴有小胶质细胞和白细胞浸润。在脑桥观察到远离损伤部位的损伤，这可能部分解释了观察到的神经功能缺损。神经和平衡木测试显示感觉运动功能缺损持续72小时。严重的脑电图紊乱包括皮质扩散性抑制、慢波和脑癫痫活动的发生。总之，这种大鼠PBI模型复制了临床PBI病理学的多种显著特征，产生了可重复和可量化的结果测量，并且可以根据损伤严重程度进行扩展，使其成为实验性脑创伤研究的一个有吸引力的工具。
