Altered expression patterns of EphrinB2 and EphB2 in human umbilical vessels and congenital venous malformations.

Vascular malformations cause discomfort and pain in children and are often associated with skeletal hypertrophy. Their molecular basis is poorly understood. Ephrin ligands and Eph receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in embryonic vascular development. In mice, some ephrin/Eph family members show a complementary expression pattern in blood vessels, with ephrinB2 being expressed on arterial and EphB4 on venous endothelium. Targeted deletions of the genes reveal their essential roles for conduit vessel development in mice, suggesting similar functions during human vascular development and deregulation in vascular malformations. Here, we have defined the expression patterns of human ephrinB2, EphB4, and EphB2 in normal vessels of neonates (i.e. umbilici) and adults and compared them with those in congenital venous malformations. In adults, normal vessels of the skin, muscle, and legs express ephrinB2 and EphB2 on arterial endothelial cells (ECs), whereas EphB4 is found in arteries and veins. In the umbilicus, EphB2 is a specific marker of arterial ECs, whereas ephrinB2 is additionally expressed in venous ECs, suggesting an arterial function of the veins. In venous malformations, the expression of EphB4 is not altered, but both ephrinB2 and EphB2 are ectopically expressed in venous ECs. This may reflect a nonphysiologic arterialization of malformed veins. Our study shows that the arterial markers ephrin B2 and EphB2 are expressed in a subset of veins, and it remains to be studied whether this is cause or consequence of an altered vascular identity.