Ceci Stephen J, Papierno Paul B
Department of Human Development, Cornell Institute for Research on Children, MVR Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Am Psychol. 2005 Feb-Mar;60(2):149-60. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.149.
Many forms of intervention, across different domains, have the surprising effect of widening preexisting gaps between disadvantaged youth and their advantaged counterparts--if such interventions are made available to all students, not just to the disadvantaged. Whether this widening of gaps is incongruent with American interests and values requires an awareness of this gap-widening potential when interventions are universalized and a national policy that addresses the psychological, political, economic, and moral dimensions of elevating the top students--tomorrow's business and science leaders--and/or elevating the bottom students to redress past inequalities and reduce the future costs associated with them. This article is a first step in bringing this dilemma to the attention of scholars and policymakers and prodding a national discussion.
在不同领域，许多形式的干预措施都有着惊人的效果：如果这些干预措施面向所有学生而非仅面向弱势群体，那么就会扩大弱势群体青年与优势群体青年之间原有的差距。当干预措施普及化时，这种差距的扩大是否与美国的利益和价值观相悖，这需要我们意识到这种差距扩大的可能性，并制定一项国家政策，该政策要涉及提升顶尖学生（未来的商业和科学领袖）以及/或者提升底层学生以纠正过去的不平等现象并降低与之相关的未来成本所涉及的心理、政治、经济和道德层面。本文是让学者、政策制定者关注这一困境并推动全国性讨论的第一步。
