Delpero Walter T, O'Neill Hugh, Casson Evanne, Hovis Jeff
Transport Canada, Ottawa.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005 Feb;76(2):127-33.
The Colour Vision Study Group of Transport Canada undertook a prevalence review to ascertain the degree and type of color vision deficiency (CVD) common in different populations. This was performed as a first step toward establishing whether a bone fide occupational requirement for color vision in aviation can be determined.
Peer-reviewed articles with large populations and appropriate methodology for measuring CVD were assessed. Those pertaining to congenital CVD were cross-sectional prevalence studies with greater than 100 subjects assessed with a combination of pseudoisochromatic plates (PIPs) and Farnsworth D15 and/or an anomaloscope. Of 162 papers reviewed, 36 met these criteria for inclusion in the congenital CVD section. Acquired CVD papers were included based on the quality of color vision tests employed. CONGENITAL CVD: Data on congenital and acquired CVD are presented separately in parts 1 and 2. Part 1 demonstrates that although the prevalence numbers for North American and European populations are consistent with those reported in reference texts, congenital CVD is actually less prevalent in Asian, African, and Native populations. Therefore, the reported overall 8% prevalence of CVD in men applies only to Euro-Caucasians and is significantly lower in other racial groups. Possible evolutionary implications of dichromatism in humans are explored. ACQUIRED CVD: In this section the current understanding of acquired color vision deficiency, with an estimated prevalence ranging from 5 to 15% (51,95), is reviewed. Acquired CVD is frequently associated with significant impairment of visual acuity and/or visual field. However, many ocular diseases and drugs do primarily affect color vision, independent of other visual function, and one must remain vigilant to their presence.
Congenital CVD is present in a consequential percentage of men, but considerable variability exists in different populations (2-8%). Acquired CVD may elude detection, but if severe is also associated with loss of visual acuity and/or visual field. Senescence remains the most common and increasingly prevalent cause for acquired CVD.
加拿大运输部色觉研究小组进行了一项患病率审查，以确定不同人群中常见的色觉缺陷（CVD）的程度和类型。这是朝着确定航空领域对色觉是否存在真正的职业要求迈出的第一步。
评估了具有大量人群且测量CVD方法适当的同行评审文章。那些与先天性CVD相关的是横断面患病率研究，有超过100名受试者通过假同色图（PIPs）和 Farnsworth D15以及/或者色盲检查镜进行评估。在审查的162篇论文中，有36篇符合纳入先天性CVD部分的这些标准。获得性CVD论文根据所采用色觉测试的质量被纳入。先天性CVD：先天性和获得性CVD的数据分别在第1部分和第2部分呈现。第1部分表明，尽管北美和欧洲人群的患病率数字与参考文本中报告的一致，但先天性CVD在亚洲、非洲和原住民人群中实际上更为少见。因此，报告的男性中CVD总体患病率8%仅适用于欧洲白种人，在其他种族群体中显著更低。探讨了人类二色性可能产生的进化影响。获得性CVD：在本节中回顾了对获得性色觉缺陷的当前认识，估计患病率在5%至15%之间（51,95）。获得性CVD常与视力和/或视野的显著损害相关联。然而，许多眼部疾病和药物主要影响色觉，独立于其他视觉功能，必须对它们保持警惕。
相当比例的男性存在先天性CVD，但不同人群中存在相当大的差异（2% - 8%）。获得性CVD可能难以检测到，但如果严重也与视力和/或视野丧失相关。衰老仍然是获得性CVD最常见且日益普遍的原因。
