Raizman Eran A, Wells Scott J, Jordan Peter A, DelGiudice Glenn D, Bey Russell R
Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
Can J Vet Res. 2005 Jan;69(1):32-8.
The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) among deer and rabbits surrounding infected and noninfected Minnesota dairy farms using fecal culture, and to describe the frequency that farm management practices were used that could potentially lead to transmission of infection between these species. Fecal samples from cows and the cow environment were collected from 108 Minnesota dairy herds, and fecal pellets from free-ranging white-tailed deer and eastern cottontail rabbits were collected from locations surrounding 114 farms; all samples were tested using bacterial culture. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 114 herd owners. Sixty-two percent of the dairy herds had at least 1 positive fecal pool or environmental sample. A total of 218 rabbit samples were collected from 90% of the herds, and 309 deer samples were collected from 47% of the herds. On 2 (4%) of the farms sampled, 1 deer fecal sample was MAP positive. Both farms had samples from the cow fecal pool and cow environment that were positive by culture. On 2 (2%) other farms, 1 rabbit fecal sample was positive by culture to MAP, with one of these farms having positive cow fecal pools and cow environmental samples. Pasture was used on 79% of the study farms as a grazing area for cattle, mainly for dry cows (75%) and bred or prebred heifers (87%). Of the 114 farms, 88 (77%) provided access to drylot for their cattle, mainly for milking cows (77/88; 88%) and bred heifers (87%). Of all study farms, 90 (79%) used some solid manure broadcasting on their crop fields. Of all 114 farms, the estimated probability of daily physical contact between cattle manure and deer or rabbits was 20% and 25%, respectively. Possible contact between cattle manure and deer or rabbits was estimated to occur primarily from March through December. The frequency of pasture or drylot use and manure spreading on crop fields may be important risk factors for transmission of MAP among dairy cattle, deer, and rabbits. Although the MAP prevalence among rabbits and deer is low, their role as MAP reservoirs should be considered.
本研究的目的是通过粪便培养估计明尼苏达州受感染和未受感染的奶牛场周围鹿和兔子中副结核分枝杆菌（MAP）的流行情况，并描述可能导致这些物种间感染传播的农场管理措施的使用频率。从108个明尼苏达州奶牛群中收集奶牛和奶牛环境的粪便样本，从114个农场周围的地点收集自由放养的白尾鹿和东部棉尾兔的粪便颗粒；所有样本均采用细菌培养进行检测。此外，还向114位牛群所有者发放了问卷。62%的奶牛群至少有1个粪便混合样本或环境样本呈阳性。共从90%的牛群中收集了218份兔子样本，从47%的牛群中收集了309份鹿样本。在2个（4%）抽样农场中，1份鹿粪便样本MAP呈阳性。两个农场的奶牛粪便混合样本和奶牛环境样本培养均呈阳性。在另外2个（2%）农场中，1份兔子粪便样本培养MAP呈阳性，其中一个农场的奶牛粪便混合样本和奶牛环境样本呈阳性。79%的研究农场将牧场用作奶牛的放牧区，主要用于干奶牛（75%）和怀孕或预产期前的小母牛（87%）。在114个农场中，88个（77%）为其奶牛提供了干栏，主要用于泌乳奶牛（77/88；88%）和怀孕小母牛（87%）。在所有研究农场中，90个（79%）在其农田上使用了某种固体粪便撒播。在所有114个农场中，牛粪与鹿或兔子之间每日发生身体接触的估计概率分别为20%和25%。牛粪与鹿或兔子之间的可能接触估计主要发生在3月至12月。牧场或干栏的使用频率以及在农田上撒播粪便可能是MAP在奶牛、鹿和兔子之间传播的重要风险因素。尽管兔子和鹿中MAP的流行率较低，但应考虑它们作为MAP宿主的作用。
