Caldas E D, Souza L C K R
Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Darci Ribeiro, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
Food Addit Contam. 2004 Nov;21(11):1057-64. doi: 10.1080/02652030400009225.
The objective was to conduct a dietary risk assessment of pesticides registered in Brazil up to 14 January 2004. The theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) was calculated for 275 compounds using the Brazilian maximum residue limits (MRL) and food consumption. The chronic dietary risk assessment was conducted by comparing the TMDI with the Brazilian acceptable daily intake (ADI) or, when not available, with the ADI from other sources. The TMDI was higher than the ADI (%ADI>100) in at least one Brazilian region for eight pesticides, including five organophosphorus insecticides. For these compounds, the higher TMDI (expressed as %ADI) ranged from 140 (metam sodium) to 14,000 (methyl bromide). Rice, beans, citrus and tomato were the commodities that contributed most to ingestion. Change in pesticide use patterns and the establishment of ADIs by the Brazilian government have reduced the number of compounds for which the TMDI exceeded the ADI in the last 4 years. Risk assessment methodology based on TMDI calculation, however, is conservative as it assumes that the food supply is always treated with all the registered pesticides for that crop and that one always consumes food containing residues at the tolerance level. Furthermore, for six compounds with TMDI exceeding the ADI, a more realistic estimation of the pesticide daily intake was conducted using monitoring residue data from the Brazilian National Pesticide Residue Program. For these compounds, the higher refined intakes ranged from 2% (dimethoate) to 180% (fenitrothion) of the ADIs. The implementation of a national pesticide residue monitoring programme by the government was important to allow the refinement of the risk assessment. However, adequate daily food consumption data are still needed to assess better the public health risk to Brazilian consumers from food produced from crops treated with pesticides.
目标是对截至2004年1月14日在巴西登记的农药进行膳食风险评估。利用巴西最大残留限量（MRL）和食物消费量，计算了275种化合物的理论最大日摄入量（TMDI）。通过将TMDI与巴西每日允许摄入量（ADI）进行比较来进行慢性膳食风险评估，若巴西的ADI不可用，则与其他来源的ADI进行比较。在巴西至少一个地区，8种农药的TMDI高于ADI（%ADI>100），其中包括5种有机磷杀虫剂。对于这些化合物，较高的TMDI（以%ADI表示）范围从140（威百亩）至14000（溴甲烷）。大米、豆类、柑橘和番茄是摄入贡献最大的商品。农药使用模式的变化以及巴西政府对ADI的确定，已使在过去4年中TMDI超过ADI的化合物数量有所减少。然而，基于TMDI计算的风险评估方法较为保守，因为它假定食物供应总是用该作物的所有登记农药进行处理，并且人们总是食用含有达到耐受水平残留量的食物。此外，对于6种TMDI超过ADI的化合物，利用巴西国家农药残留计划的监测残留数据对农药日摄入量进行了更实际的估算。对于这些化合物，较高的精确摄入量范围为ADI的2%（乐果）至180%（杀螟硫磷）。政府实施国家农药残留监测计划对于完善风险评估很重要。然而，仍需要足够的每日食物消费数据，以便更好地评估巴西消费者因食用用农药处理过的作物所产食物而面临的公共健康风险。
