Ammonia and amino acid metabolism in human skeletal muscle during exercise.

This review focuses on the ammonia and amino acid metabolic responses of active human skeletal muscle, with a particular emphasis on steady-state exercise. Ammonia production in skeletal muscle involves the purine nucleotide cycle and the amino acids glutamate, glutamine, and alanine and probably also includes the branched chain amino acids as well as aspartate. Ammonia production is greatest during prolonged, steady state exercise that requires 60-80% VO2max and is associated with glutamine and alanine metabolism. Under these circumstances it is unresolved whether the purine nucleotide cycle (AMP deamination) is active; if so, it must be cycling with no IMP accumulation. It is proposed that under these circumstances the ammonia is produced from slow twitch fibers by the deamination of the branched chain amino acids. The ammonia response can be suppressed by increasing the carbohydrate availability and this may be mediated by altering the availability of the branched chain amino acids. The fate of the ammonia released into the circulation is unresolved, but there is indirect evidence that a considerable portion may be excreted by the lung in expired air.