Laucht M, Esser G, Schmidt M H
Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrische Klinik des Zentralinstituts für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim.
Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr. 1992 Mar;20(1):22-33.
In a study on the psychological development of children born at biological and psychosocial risk adverse temperamental characteristics and psychopathological symptoms of 362 children were determined at the ages of 3 and 24 months. Adverse temperamental characteristics were measured with the help of behavioral observations in standardized situations. Symptoms were assessed in a highly structured parent interview. The results showed a higher-than-average rate of disturbed children, which increased from 15.5% at the age of 3 months to 19.5% at two years. Hyperkinesis was the most prevalent disturbance. Whereas no sex effect was found among infants, the 2-year-old boys manifested more symptoms and had more adverse temperamental characteristics than the 2-year-old girl. Sex differences in symptom patterns were similar to those seen in later childhood. The course of early disturbances was characterized by low persistence and stability. Four fifths of all infant disturbances had remitted by the age of two years. A small number of early problems (i.e. eating disorders) turned out to be predictive of later disorders.
在一项针对出生时存在生物学和心理社会风险的儿童心理发展的研究中，对362名儿童在3个月和24个月大时的不良气质特征和精神病理症状进行了测定。借助标准化情境中的行为观察来测量不良气质特征。通过高度结构化的家长访谈对症状进行评估。结果显示，受干扰儿童的比例高于平均水平，从3个月大时的15.5%上升到两岁时的19.5%。多动症是最普遍的干扰因素。在婴儿中未发现性别差异，但两岁男孩比两岁女孩表现出更多症状和更不良的气质特征。症状模式的性别差异与童年后期所见相似。早期干扰的病程特点是持续性和稳定性较低。所有婴儿干扰中有五分之四在两岁时已缓解。少数早期问题（如饮食失调）被证明可预测后期疾病。
