Pitzer Martina, Esser Guenter, Schmidt Martin H, Laucht Manfred
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany.
Compr Psychiatry. 2007 Nov-Dec;48(6):572-82. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.05.007. Epub 2007 Aug 21.
Despite theoretical discrepancies between different concepts of temperament, some core dimensions are thought to be common to the various models. We compared temperamental traits derived from the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) model and the Cloninger dimensions in the developmental course and investigated the associations of temperament with sex as well as with obstetric risks or psychosocial risks present at birth.
Participants were 151 boys and 157 girls born at differing degrees of obstetric and psychosocial risk from a longitudinal study on a high-risk community sample. In infancy and childhood, NYLS-derived temperamental characteristics were assessed by a highly structured parent interview and standardized behavioral observations. At age 15 years, the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory/12-18 was administered.
Moderate correlations were found between Junior Temperament and Character Inventory scales in adolescence and NYLS-derived factors in childhood. The psychosocial risk load seemed to influence the expression of novelty seeking or corresponding NYLS-derived factors, whereas the obstetric risks did not contribute to variation in temperament. Our findings further support highly sex-specific gene x environment interactions on temperament in the developmental course.
The content of our NYLS-derived factors and the specific type of association across different temperament constructs fit into the increasing consensus regarding a small number of higher-order temperamental traits.
尽管不同气质概念之间存在理论差异，但一些核心维度被认为是各种模型所共有的。我们比较了源自纽约纵向研究（NYLS）模型和克隆宁格维度的气质特征在发育过程中的情况，并研究了气质与性别以及出生时存在的产科风险或心理社会风险之间的关联。
参与者为151名男孩和157名女孩，他们来自对一个高危社区样本的纵向研究，出生时面临不同程度的产科和心理社会风险。在婴儿期和儿童期，通过高度结构化的家长访谈和标准化行为观察来评估源自NYLS的气质特征。在15岁时，进行青少年气质与性格量表/12 - 18的测试。
在青少年期的青少年气质与性格量表各分量表和儿童期源自NYLS的因素之间发现了中度相关性。心理社会风险负荷似乎影响寻求新奇或相应的源自NYLS的因素的表达，而产科风险对气质的变化没有影响。我们的研究结果进一步支持了在发育过程中气质方面高度性别特异性的基因×环境相互作用。
我们源自NYLS的因素的内容以及不同气质结构之间特定类型的关联符合关于少数高阶气质特征的越来越多的共识。
