Brajkovic Dragan, Ducharme Michel B
Defence Research and Development Canada - Toronto, Human Protection and Performance Group, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005 Jul;94(4):386-91. doi: 10.1007/s00421-005-1336-1. Epub 2005 Apr 28.
This study evaluated a zero-heat-flow (ZHF), non-invasive temperature probe for in- vivo measurement of resting muscle temperature for up to 2 cm below the skin surface. The ZHF probe works by preventing heat loss from the tissue below the probe by actively heating the tissue until no temperature gradient exists across the probe. The skin temperature under the probe is then used as an indicator of the muscle temperature below. Eight subjects sat for 130 min during exposure to 28 degrees C air. Vastus lateralis (lateral thigh) muscle temperature was measured non-invasively using a ZHF probe which covered an invasive multicouple probe (which measured tissue temperature 0.5 cm, 1 cm, 1.5 cm, and 2 cm below the skin) located 15 cm superior to the patella (T (covered)). T (covered) was evaluated against an uncovered control multicouple probe located 20 cm superior to the patella (T (uncovered)). Rectal temperature and lateral thigh skin temperature were also measured. Mean T (uncovered) (based on average temperatures at the 0.5 cm, 1 cm, 1.5 cm, and 2 cm depths) and Mean T (covered) were similar from time 0 min to 60 min. However, when the ZHF was turned on at 70 min, Mean T (covered) increased by 2.11 +/- 0.20 degrees C by 130 min, while T (uncovered) remained stable. The ZHF probe temperature was similar to T (covered) at 1 cm and after time 85 min, significantly higher than T (covered) at the 0.5 cm, 1.5 cm, and 2 cm depths; however from a physiological standpoint, the temperatures between the different depths and the ZHF probe could be considered uniform (< or =0.2 degrees C separation). Rectal and thigh skin temperatures were stable at 36.99 +/- 0.08 degrees C and 32.82 +/- 0.23 degrees C, respectively. In conclusion, the non-invasive ZHF probe temperature was similar to the T (covered) temperatures directly measured up to 2 cm beneath the surface of the thigh, but all T (covered) temperatures were not representative of the true muscle temperature up to 2 cm below the skin because the ZHF probe heated the muscle by 2.11 +/- 0.20 degrees C during its operation.
本研究评估了一种零热流（ZHF）非侵入式温度探头，用于在体内测量皮肤表面以下达2厘米深度的静息肌肉温度。ZHF探头的工作原理是通过主动加热组织来防止探头下方组织的热量散失，直到探头两端不存在温度梯度。然后将探头下方的皮肤温度用作下方肌肉温度的指标。8名受试者在28摄氏度的空气中静坐130分钟。使用ZHF探头对股外侧肌（大腿外侧）的肌肉温度进行非侵入性测量，该探头覆盖了一个位于髌骨上方15厘米处的侵入式多热电偶探头（用于测量皮肤下方0.5厘米、1厘米、1.5厘米和2厘米处的组织温度）（T（覆盖））。将T（覆盖）与位于髌骨上方20厘米处的未覆盖的对照多热电偶探头（T（未覆盖））进行评估比较。还测量了直肠温度和大腿外侧皮肤温度。从0分钟到60分钟，平均T（未覆盖）（基于0.5厘米、1厘米、1.5厘米和2厘米深度处的平均温度）和平均T（覆盖）相似。然而，当在70分钟时打开ZHF时，到130分钟时平均T（覆盖）升高了2.11±0.20摄氏度，而T（未覆盖）保持稳定。ZHF探头温度在1厘米深度以及85分钟后与T（覆盖）相似，在0.5厘米、1.5厘米和2厘米深度处显著高于T（覆盖）；然而，从生理学角度来看，不同深度与ZHF探头之间的温度可视为均匀（温差≤0.2摄氏度）。直肠温度和大腿皮肤温度分别稳定在36.99±0.08摄氏度和32.82±0.23摄氏度。总之，非侵入式ZHF探头温度与直接测量的大腿表面以下达2厘米深度处的T（覆盖）温度相似，但所有T（覆盖）温度并不代表皮肤以下达2厘米深度处的真实肌肉温度，因为ZHF探头在运行过程中将肌肉温度升高了2.11±0.20摄氏度。
