Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: a review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog.

Alpha(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists (alpha(2)-agonists) are commonly used in small animal anaesthesia for their potent sedative and analgesic properties, although concerns about their cardiovascular effects have prevented their full adoption into veterinary practice. Research into alpha(2) adrenoreceptor agonists and their clinical use is extensive, therefore this review focuses on the use of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs. Emphasis is given to the cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive action of these agents.