Morandin Lora A, Winston Mark L, Franklin Michelle T, Abbott Virginia A
Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6.
Pest Manag Sci. 2005 Jul;61(7):619-26. doi: 10.1002/ps.1058.
Recent developments of new families of pesticides and growing awareness of the importance of wild pollinators for crop pollination have stimulated interest in potential effects of novel pesticides on wild bees. Yet pesticide toxicity studies on wild bees remain rare, and few studies have included long-term monitoring of bumble bee colonies or testing of foraging ability after pesticide exposure. Larval bees feeding on exogenous pollen and exposed to pesticides during development may result in lethal or sub-lethal effects during the adult stage. We tested the effects of a naturally derived biopesticide, spinosad, on bumble bee (Bombus impatiens Cresson) colony health, including adult mortality, brood development, weights of emerging bees and foraging efficiency of adults that underwent larval development during exposure to spinosad. We monitored colonies from an early stage, over a 10-week period, and fed spinosad to colonies in pollen at four levels: control, 0.2, 0.8 and 8.0 mg kg(-1), during weeks 2 through 5 of the experiment. At concentrations that bees would likely encounter in pollen in the wild (0.2-0.8 mg kg(-1)) we detected minimal negative effects to bumble bee colonies. Brood and adult mortality was high at 8.0 mg kg(-1) spinosad, about twice the level that bees would be exposed to in a 'worst case' field scenario, resulting in colony death two to four weeks after initial pesticide exposure. At more realistic concentrations there were potentially important sub-lethal effects. Adult worker bees exposed to spinosad during larval development at 0.8 mg kg(-1) were slower foragers on artificial complex flower arrays than bees from low or no spinosad treated colonies. Inclusion of similar sub-lethal assays to detect effects of pesticides on pollinators would aid in development of environmentally responsible pest management strategies.
新型农药家族的最新发展以及人们对野生传粉者对作物授粉重要性的认识不断提高，激发了人们对新型农药对野生蜜蜂潜在影响的兴趣。然而，针对野生蜜蜂的农药毒性研究仍然很少，很少有研究包括对熊蜂蜂群的长期监测或农药暴露后觅食能力的测试。以外源花粉为食且在发育过程中接触农药的幼虫蜜蜂，可能会在成年阶段产生致死或亚致死效应。我们测试了一种天然来源的生物农药多杀菌素对熊蜂（Bombus impatiens Cresson）蜂群健康的影响，包括成年蜂死亡率、幼虫发育、新出房蜜蜂的体重以及在接触多杀菌素期间经历幼虫发育的成年蜂的觅食效率。我们从早期开始监测蜂群，为期10周，并在实验的第2至5周，以四种水平在花粉中向蜂群投喂多杀菌素：对照、0.2、0.8和8.0毫克/千克。在蜜蜂在野外花粉中可能遇到的浓度（0.2 - 0.8毫克/千克）下，我们检测到对熊蜂蜂群的负面影响极小。在多杀菌素浓度为8.0毫克/千克时，幼虫和成年蜂死亡率很高，约为蜜蜂在 “最坏情况” 田间场景中暴露水平的两倍，导致在首次接触农药后的两到四周蜂群死亡。在更现实的浓度下，存在潜在的重要亚致死效应。在幼虫发育期间接触0.8毫克/千克多杀菌素的成年工蜂，在人工复合花阵列上觅食的速度比来自低剂量或未处理多杀菌素蜂群的蜜蜂慢。纳入类似的亚致死试验以检测农药对传粉者的影响，将有助于制定对环境负责的害虫管理策略。
