Devos Yann, Reheul Dirk, de Schrijver Adinda, Cors François, Moens William
Service of Biosafety and Biotechnology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Environ Biosafety Res. 2004 Jul-Sep;3(3):135-48. doi: 10.1051/ebr:2005001.
The potential commercialization of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape in Europe raises various concerns about their potential environmental and agronomic impacts, especially those associated with the escape of transgenes. Pollen of oilseed rape can be dispersed in space, resulting in the fertilization of sympatric compatible wild relatives (e.g. Brassica rapa) and oilseed rape cultivars grown nearby (GM and/or non-GM Brassica napus). The spatial and temporal dispersal of seeds of oilseed rape may lead to feral oilseed rape populations outside the cropped areas and oilseed rape volunteers in subsequent crops in the rotation. The incorporation of a HT trait(s) may increase the fitness of the recipient plants, making them more abundant and persistent, and may result in weeds that are difficult to control by the herbicide(s) to which they are tolerant. Vertical gene flow from transgenic oilseed rape to non-GM counterparts may also have an impact on farming and supply chain management, depending on labelling thresholds for the adventitious presence of GM material in non-GM products. Given the extent of pollen and seed dispersal in oilseed rape, it is obvious that the safe and sound integration of GMHT oilseed rape in Europe may require significant on-farm and off-farm management efforts. Crucial practical measures that can reduce vertical gene flow include (1) isolating seed production of Brassica napus, (2) the use of certified seed, (3) isolating fields of GM oilseed rape, (4) harvesting at the correct crop development stage with properly adjusted combine settings, (5) ensuring maximum germination of shed seeds after harvest, (6) controlling volunteers in subsequent crops, and (7) keeping on-farm records. The implementation of the recommended practices may, however, be difficult, entailing various challenges.
转基因耐除草剂油菜籽在欧洲的潜在商业化引发了人们对其潜在环境和农艺影响的各种担忧，尤其是那些与转基因逃逸相关的影响。油菜籽花粉可在空间中扩散，导致同域兼容野生近缘种（如白菜）和附近种植的油菜籽品种（转基因和/或非转基因甘蓝型油菜）受精。油菜籽种子的时空扩散可能导致种植区外出现野生油菜籽种群以及轮作后续作物中出现油菜籽自生苗。引入耐除草剂性状可能会提高受体植物的适应性，使其数量更多且更持久，并可能产生难以用其耐受的除草剂控制的杂草。从转基因油菜籽到非转基因对应品种的垂直基因流动也可能对农业和供应链管理产生影响，这取决于非转基因产品中转基因材料偶然存在的标签阈值。鉴于油菜籽花粉和种子的扩散范围，很明显，要在欧洲安全妥善地整合转基因耐除草剂油菜籽可能需要大量的农场内外管理工作。可以减少垂直基因流动的关键实际措施包括：（1）隔离甘蓝型油菜的种子生产；（2）使用认证种子；（3）隔离转基因油菜籽种植田；（4）在正确的作物发育阶段收获，并适当调整联合收割机设置；（5）确保收获后散落种子的最大发芽率；（6）控制后续作物中的自生苗；（7）保存农场记录。然而，实施推荐的做法可能会很困难，会带来各种挑战。
