Majumdar Deepanjan, Patel Jigisha, Bhatt Neha, Desai Priyanka
Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388 120, India.
Bioresour Technol. 2006 Mar;97(4):648-58. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.015.
Emissions of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from spent mycelia of the mold Penicilium notatum and sludge from the effluent treatment facility (ETPS) of a pharmaceutical industry were estimated twice during a two-week composting before vermicomposting. These wastes are dumped in landfills or sometimes used in agricultural fields and no reports are available on their greenhouse gas producing potentials. The solid wastes contained appreciable organic carbon and nitrogen while very high Fe, Mn and Zn were found in ETPS only. Pure wastes did not support germination of Vigna radiata L. while mixing soil with ETPS and spent mycelia at the ratios of 12:1 and 14:1 led to 80% and 50% germination, respectively. The wastes were mixed with cowdung at the ratios of 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1 for composting. Carbon dioxide emissions were always significantly higher than CH4 emissions from all the treatments due to prevalence of aerobic condition during composting. From some treatments, CH4 emissions increased with time, indicating increasing activity of anaerobic bacteria in the waste mixtures. Methane emissions ranged from 21.6 to 231.7 microg m(-2) day(-1) while CO2 emissions were greater than thousand times at 39.8-894.8 mg m(-2) day(-1). The amount of C emitted as CH4-C and CO2-C from ranged from 0.007% to 0.081% of total C composted. Cowdung emitted highest CH4 followed by spent mycelia and ETPS while ETPS emitted more CO2 than spent mycelia but lesser than cowdung. Global warming potential of emitted CH4 was found to be in the range of 10.6-27.7 mg-CO2-equivalent on a 20-year time horizon. The results suggest that pharmaceutical wastes can be an important source of CH4 and CO2 during composting or any other stockpiling under suitable moisture conditions. The waste mixtures were found not suitable for vermicomposting after two weeks composting and earthworms did not survive long in the mixtures.
在进行蚯蚓堆肥前的两周堆肥期间，对青霉用过的菌丝体以及某制药行业污水处理设施（ETPS）产生的污泥中的甲烷（CH₄）和二氧化碳（CO₂）排放进行了两次估算。这些废物通常被倾倒在垃圾填埋场，有时也用于农田，但尚无关于其温室气体产生潜力的报告。这些固体废物含有可观的有机碳和氮，而仅在ETPS中发现了含量非常高的铁、锰和锌。纯废物不支持绿豆发芽，而将土壤与ETPS和用过的菌丝体按12:1和14:1的比例混合，发芽率分别达到80%和50%。将这些废物与牛粪按1:1、1:3和3:1的比例混合进行堆肥。由于堆肥过程中普遍存在有氧条件，所有处理方式下二氧化碳的排放量总是显著高于甲烷排放量。在某些处理方式中，甲烷排放量随时间增加，表明废物混合物中厌氧细菌的活性增强。甲烷排放量在21.6至231.7微克·米⁻²·天⁻¹之间，而二氧化碳排放量则高达39.8至894.8毫克·米⁻²·天⁻¹，是甲烷排放量的一千多倍。以CH₄-C和CO₂-C形式排放的碳量占堆肥总碳量的0.007%至0.081%。牛粪排放的甲烷最多，其次是用过的菌丝体和ETPS，而ETPS排放的二氧化碳比用过的菌丝体多，但比牛粪少。在20年的时间范围内，排放的甲烷的全球变暖潜能值在10.6至27.7毫克二氧化碳当量之间。结果表明，在合适的湿度条件下，制药废物在堆肥或任何其他储存过程中可能是甲烷和二氧化碳的重要来源。经过两周堆肥后，发现这些废物混合物不适合进行蚯蚓堆肥，蚯蚓在混合物中存活时间不长。
