Hanshaw Roger G, Smith Bradley D
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Walther Center for Cancer Research, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2005 Sep 1;13(17):5035-42. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.071.
The phospholipid bilayer surrounding animal cells is made up of four principle phospholipid components, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and sphingomyelin (SM). These four phospholipids are distributed between the two monolayers of the membrane in an asymmetrical fashion, with PC and SM largely populating the extracellular leaflet and PE and PS restricted primarily to the inner leaflet. Breakdown in this transmembrane phospholipid asymmetry is a hallmark of the early to middle stages of apoptosis. The consequent appearance of PS on the extracellular membrane leaflet is commonly monitored using dye-labeled Annexin V, a 36 kDa, Ca2+-dependent PS binding protein. Substitutes for Annexin V are described, including small molecules, nanoparticles, cationic liposomes, and other proteins that can recognize PS in a membrane surface. Particular attention is given to the use of these reagents for detecting apoptosis.
围绕动物细胞的磷脂双分子层由四种主要的磷脂成分组成，即磷脂酰胆碱（PC）、磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）、磷脂酰丝氨酸（PS）和鞘磷脂（SM）。这四种磷脂以不对称的方式分布在膜的两个单层之间，PC和SM主要存在于细胞外小叶，而PE和PS主要局限于内小叶。这种跨膜磷脂不对称性的破坏是细胞凋亡早期至中期的一个标志。随后细胞外膜小叶上PS的出现通常使用染料标记的膜联蛋白V进行监测，膜联蛋白V是一种36 kDa的钙依赖性PS结合蛋白。文中描述了膜联蛋白V的替代物，包括小分子、纳米颗粒、阳离子脂质体以及其他能够识别膜表面PS的蛋白质。文中特别关注了这些试剂在检测细胞凋亡方面的应用。
