Effect of anandamide uptake inhibition in the production of nitric oxide and in the release of cytokines in astrocyte cultures.

Astrocytes play a key role regulating aspects of inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Several enzymes, such as the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), along with different inflammatory mediators such as the free radical nitric oxide (NO) or proinflammatory cytokines, have been proposed to be involved in the cell damage associated with neuroinflammation. Recent studies suggest that the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) may be involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation. Cannabinoid agonists decrease neurotoxicity and release of proinflammatory factors from activated glial cells and anandamide itself is able to promote antiinflammatory responses in astrocytes via CB1 cannabinoid receptors. The present study is aimed at studying whether UCM707, a potent and selective anandamide uptake inhibitor, is able to inhibit the production of proinflammatory mediators by LPS-stimulated astrocytes. Our findings indicate that UCM707 is able to reduce NO release, iNOS expression, and the production of the proinflammatory cytokines tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in a significant manner, while producing a slight increase in IL-6 levels. These effects can be reproduced by administration of the synthetic agonist HU210 and partially or totally blocked by administration of CB1 or CB2 selective antagonists, further supporting the involvement of the ECS. These results confirm the ability of UCM707 to reinforce the beneficial effects induced by anandamide and make it an attractive candidate for the management of those pathologies with neuroinflammation as one of their hallmarks.