Pyle Gregory G, Rajotte James W, Couture Patrice
Department of Biology, Nipissing University, North Bay, 100 College Drive, Box 5002, North Bay, Ont., Canada P1B 8L7.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2005 Jul;61(3):287-312. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.09.003.
The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among water, sediment, and fish tissue metal concentrations as they relate to fish diversity, tissue metal accumulation, and fish morphometric and reproductive condition. Fish were captured in 12 lakes near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, that ranged in their degree of metal contamination. In general, metal concentrations in water and sediment decreased with increasing distance from industrial operations. However, only Cu and Ni demonstrated this trend in sediments. Although 20 fish species were identified in the 12 lakes, only one species, yellow perch (Perca flavescens), was common to all 12 lakes. Fish diversity was only associated with sediment metals, suggesting that short-term processes are much less important than long-term processes for fish community recovery in metal-contaminated lakes. Multivariate characterization of water metal concentrations resulted in three lake clusters: Group 1 consisted of reference lakes; Group 2 lakes had high alkalinity, conductivity, hardness, pH, waterborne metals (especially Se), and sediment Cu and Ni concentrations; Group 3 lakes had high pH, waterborne and sediment Cu, and sediment Ni, intermediate alkalinity, conductivity, and waterborne metals (except Al and Fe), and low hardness and waterborne Al and Fe. Liver Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, muscle Zn, and intestinal Cd and Zn were highest, and muscle Cu and male gonadosomatic index (GSI) were lowest, in Group 3 fish. Liver, muscle, and intestinal Se concentrations, and Fulton's condition factor (FCF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and male GSI were highest in Group 2 fish. Group 1 fish had the highest muscle Hg concentrations and female GSI. Muscle Se appeared to have an antagonistic effect on muscle Hg accumulation as a function of distance from smelting operations. Neither Cu nor Ni, both metals of concern in the Sudbury area, was useful for predicting fish condition, probably because of homeostatic regulatory control. Liver Cd accumulation, which was negatively related to FCF (r = -0.16; P < 0.05), exhibited strong, nonlinear inhibition (r2 = 0.99; P < 0.0001) as a function of water hardness. Because Cd was not detected in water samples in this study, we suspect that branchial Ca2+ uptake may play some role in reducing dietary Cd uptake in hard water lakes. Selenium has received relatively little attention in the contaminated systems around Sudbury, yet our results demonstrated that tissue Se was related to all condition metrics studied. Moreover, evidence was provided that suggests that there is a gender-specific interaction between dietary Se and Cu uptake that may contribute to decreased female reproductive condition in wild yellow perch.
本研究的目的是考察水、沉积物和鱼类组织中的金属浓度之间的关系，以及它们与鱼类多样性、组织金属积累、鱼类形态测量和繁殖状况的联系。研究人员在加拿大安大略省萨德伯里附近的12个湖泊中捕获了鱼类，这些湖泊的金属污染程度各不相同。总体而言，水和沉积物中的金属浓度随着与工业活动距离的增加而降低。然而，只有铜和镍在沉积物中呈现出这种趋势。虽然在这12个湖泊中鉴定出了20种鱼类，但只有一种鱼类，即黄鲈（Perca flavescens），在所有12个湖泊中都有。鱼类多样性仅与沉积物中的金属有关，这表明在受金属污染的湖泊中，短期过程对鱼类群落恢复的重要性远低于长期过程。对水中金属浓度的多变量特征分析产生了三个湖泊集群：第1组由参考湖泊组成；第2组湖泊具有高碱度、电导率、硬度、pH值、水中金属（尤其是硒）以及沉积物中的铜和镍浓度；第3组湖泊具有高pH值、水中和沉积物中的铜以及沉积物中的镍、中等碱度、电导率和水中金属（除铝和铁外），以及低硬度和水中的铝和铁。第3组鱼类的肝脏镉、铜、镍、铅和锌、肌肉锌以及肠道镉和锌含量最高，而肌肉铜和雄性性腺指数（GSI）最低。第2组鱼类的肝脏、肌肉和肠道硒浓度以及富尔顿条件因子（FCF）、肝体指数（HSI）和雄性GSI最高。第1组鱼类的肌肉汞浓度和雌性GSI最高。肌肉硒似乎对肌肉汞的积累具有拮抗作用，这是距离冶炼作业距离的函数。在萨德伯里地区备受关注的铜和镍，都无法用于预测鱼类状况，这可能是由于体内平衡调节控制的原因。肝脏镉的积累与FCF呈负相关（r = -0.16；P < 0.05），作为水硬度的函数，呈现出强烈的非线性抑制（r2 = 0.99；P < 0.0001）。由于在本研究的水样中未检测到镉，我们怀疑鳃对钙离子的摄取可能在减少硬水湖泊中膳食镉的摄取方面发挥了一定作用。在萨德伯里周围受污染的系统中，硒受到的关注相对较少，但我们的结果表明，组织中的硒与所研究的所有状况指标都有关。此外，有证据表明，膳食硒和铜的摄取之间存在性别特异性相互作用，这可能导致野生黄鲈雌性繁殖状况下降。
