Singer Brett C, Hodgson Alfred T, Destaillats Hugo, Hotchi Toshifumi, Revzan Kenneth L, Sextro Richard G
Atmospheric Sciences and Indoor Environment Departments, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2005 May 1;39(9):3203-14. doi: 10.1021/es049144u.
Sorption rate parameters were determined for three organophosphorus (OP) compounds [dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP), and triethyl phosphate (TEP)] as surrogates for the G-type nerve agents sarin (GB), soman (GD), and tabun (GA). OP surrogates were injected and vaporized with additional volatile organic compounds into a 50 m3 chamber finished with painted wallboard. Experiments were conducted at two furnishing levels: (i) chamber containing only hard surfaces including a desk, a bookcase, tables, and chairs and (ii) with the addition of plush materials including carpet with cushion, draperies, and upholstered furniture. Each furnishing level was studied with aged and new painted wallboard. Gas-phase concentrations were measured during sealed chamber adsorb and desorb phases and then fit to three mathematical variations of a previously proposed sorption model having a surface sink and allowing for an embedded sink. A four-parameter model allowing unequal transport rates between surface and embedded sinks provided excellent fits for all conditions. To evaluate the potential effect of sorption, this model was incorporated into an indoor air quality simulation model to predict indoor concentrations of a G-type agent and a nonsorbing agent for hypothetical outdoor releases with shelter-in-place (SIP) response. Sorption was simulated using a range of parameters obtained experimentally. Simulations considered outdoor Gaussian plumes of 1- and 5-h duration and infiltration rates of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.9 h(-1). Indoor toxic loads (TL) for a 10-h SIP were calculated as integral C2 dt for a G-type agent. For the 5-h plume, sheltering reduced TLs for the nonsorbing agent to approximately 10-65% of outdoor levels. Analogous TLs for a G-type agent were 2-31% or 0.3-12% of outdoor levels assuming slow or moderate sorption. The relative effect of sorption was more pronounced for the longer plume and higher infiltration rates.
测定了三种有机磷（OP）化合物[甲基膦酸二甲酯（DMMP）、乙基膦酸二乙酯（DEEP）和磷酸三乙酯（TEP）]作为G型神经毒剂沙林（GB）、梭曼（GD）和塔崩（GA）替代物的吸附速率参数。将OP替代物与其他挥发性有机化合物一起注入并蒸发到一个用涂漆墙板装修的50立方米试验舱中。实验在两种装修水平下进行：（i）试验舱仅包含硬表面，包括一张桌子、一个书架、几张桌子和几把椅子；（ii）添加了毛绒材料，包括带垫子的地毯、窗帘和软垫家具。每种装修水平都使用老化和新的涂漆墙板进行研究。在试验舱密封吸附和解吸阶段测量气相浓度，然后将其拟合到先前提出的具有表面汇并允许有嵌入汇的吸附模型的三种数学变体中。一个允许表面汇和嵌入汇之间传输速率不相等的四参数模型在所有条件下都提供了极好的拟合。为了评估吸附的潜在影响，该模型被纳入室内空气质量模拟模型，以预测假设室外释放且采取就地避难（SIP）响应时G型毒剂和非吸附性毒剂在室内的浓度。使用一系列通过实验获得的参数模拟吸附过程。模拟考虑了持续时间为1小时和5小时的室外高斯烟羽以及0.1、0.3和0.9 h⁻¹的渗透速率。对于10小时的SIP，计算了G型毒剂的室内毒性负荷（TL），即C²dt的积分。对于5小时的烟羽，避难使非吸附性毒剂的TL降低到室外水平的约10 - 65%。假设吸附缓慢或中等，G型毒剂的类似TL为室外水平的2 - 31%或0.3 - 12%。对于较长的烟羽和较高的渗透速率，吸附的相对影响更为明显。
