Influence of surface active substances on bubble motion and collision with various interfaces.

Bubble motion as a function of distance from a point of its detachment and phenomena occurring during the bubble approach and collision with liquid/gas and liquid/solid interfaces in pure water and solutions of various surface active substances are described and discussed. It is showed that presence of surface active substance has a profound influence on values of the terminal velocity and profiles of the local velocity. At low solutions concentrations there are three distinct stages in the bubble motion: (i) a rapid acceleration, (ii) a maximum velocity value followed by its monotonic decrease, and (iii) attainment of the terminal velocity, while at high concentrations (and in pure water) there are only stages (i) and (iii). It is showed that the bubble terminal velocity decreases rapidly at low surfactant concentration, but there can be found some characteristic concentrations (adsorption coverage's) above which the velocity almost stopped to decrease. Immobilization of the bubble surface resulting from adsorption of the surface active substances (surface tension gradients inducement) causes over twofold lowering of the bubble velocity. Presence of the maximum on the local velocity profiles is an indication that a stationary non-uniform distribution of adsorption coverage (needed for immobilization the bubble interface) was not established there. When the rising bubble arrives at liquid/gas interface or liquid/solid interface there can be formed either foam or wetting film or three-phase contact (TPC). It is showed that prior to the foam and/or wetting film formation the bubble colliding with the interfaces can bounce backward and simultaneously its shape pulsates rapidly with a frequency over 1000 Hz. It is rather unexpected that even in the case of the free surface the bubble's shape and consequently its surface area can vary so rapidly. It shows straightforward that on such a rapidly distorted interface the adsorption coverage can be very different from that at equilibrium. This fact should be taken into account more appropriately in the discussion of the mechanism of formation and stabilization of various dispersed systems (e.g. foams, emulsions). Bubble collision with solids and formation of the three-phase contact is a necessary condition for flotation separation. It is rather common understanding that immediate attachment should occur in the case of hydrophobic surface, while there should be no attachment in the case of the hydrophilic ones. It is reported that even in the case of such hydrophobic solid surface as Teflon, the bubble attachment did not need to occur at first collision and in distilled water the bubble can bounce a few times without attachment. Presence of frother facilitates the bubble attachment to hydrophobic solid surface. Time scale of the TPC formation is very short, of an order of single ms. It was observed that presence of a micro-bubble at the solid surface facilitated drastically an attachment of the colliding bubble. Roughness of Teflon surface increases probability of the bubble attachment-most probably-as a result of higher probability of micro- and/or nano-bubbles presence at the solid surface.