Jenkins Marion W, Curtis Val
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 2005 Dec;61(11):2446-59. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.036. Epub 2005 Jun 9.
Nearly half the world's population lacks basic sanitation to protect their environment from human fecal contamination. Building a latrine is the first step on the sanitation ladder in developing countries where a majority of the population defecates in open or public areas. Public health programs to improve sanitation have consistently framed promotional messages in terms of fecal-oral disease prevention and largely fail to motivate changes in sanitation behavior. A qualitative consumer study using in-depth interviews with 40 household heads was carried out to explore the decision to install a pit latrine in rural Benin. The motives for installing a latrine are reported and variations across the interviews are examined. The paper asserts that at least one active drive (desire for change or dissatisfaction) from among 11 found is needed to motivate latrine adoption. Drives involved prestige, well-being, and situational goals. Health considerations played only a minor role, and had little if anything to do with preventing fecal-oral disease transmission. Drives varied with gender, occupation, life stage, travel experience, education, and wealth, and reflected perceptions of the physical and social geography of the village, linked to availability of open defecation sites, social structure, road access, and urban proximity. The results have broad implications for new messages and strategies to promote sanitation in developing countries.
世界上近一半的人口缺乏基本卫生设施，无法保护环境免受人类粪便污染。在大多数人口在露天或公共场所排便的发展中国家，建造厕所是卫生阶梯上的第一步。改善卫生设施的公共卫生项目一直以来都以预防粪口传播疾病为宣传重点，但在很大程度上未能促使卫生行为发生改变。我们开展了一项定性消费者研究，对40位户主进行了深入访谈，以探究在贝宁农村地区安装坑式厕所的决策过程。报告了安装厕所的动机，并考察了访谈中的差异。本文认为，要促使人们采用厕所，至少需要11种已发现的积极驱动力中的一种（对改变的渴望或不满）。这些驱动力包括声望、幸福感和情境目标。健康考量只起了很小的作用，与预防粪口疾病传播几乎没有关系。驱动力因性别、职业、生活阶段、旅行经历、教育程度和财富而异，反映了对村庄自然和社会地理环境的认知，这与露天排便场所的可用性、社会结构、道路通达性和与城市的距离有关。研究结果对发展中国家促进卫生设施建设的新信息和新策略具有广泛的启示意义。
