Slater Leo B
Bull Hist Med. 2005 Summer;79(2):261-94. doi: 10.1353/bhm.2005.0092.
Through the examination of avian malarias as models of infectious human disease, this paper reveals the kinds of claims that scientists and physicians made on the basis of animal models-biological systems in the laboratory and the field-and what characteristics made for congruence between these models and human malaria. The focus is on the period between 1895 and 1945, and on the genesis and trajectory of certain animal models of malaria within specific locations, such as the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in Baltimore and Bayer (I. G. Farben) in Elberfeld. These exemplars illustrate a diversity of approaches to malaria-as-disease, and the difficulties of framing aspects of this disease complex within an animal or laboratory system. The diversity and nearness to wild types of the birds, protozoan parasites, and mosquitoes that made up these malaria models contributed a great deal to the complexity of the models. Avian malarias, adopted with enthusiasm, were essential to the success of the U.S. antimalarial program during World War II.
通过将鸟类疟疾作为人类传染病模型进行研究，本文揭示了科学家和医生基于动物模型（实验室和实地的生物系统）所提出的各类主张，以及使这些模型与人类疟疾相符的特征。重点关注1895年至1945年这一时期，以及特定地点（如巴尔的摩的约翰·霍普金斯卫生与公共卫生学院和埃尔伯费尔德的拜耳公司（法本工业公司））内某些疟疾动物模型的起源和发展轨迹。这些范例展示了将疟疾视为一种疾病的多种研究方法，以及在动物或实验室系统中构建这种疾病复合体各个方面所面临的困难。构成这些疟疾模型的鸟类、原生动物寄生虫和蚊子的多样性及其与野生类型的接近程度，极大地增加了模型的复杂性。二战期间，被热情采用的鸟类疟疾对美国抗疟疾计划的成功至关重要。
