Bile-induced pancreatitis.

The main bile-induced pancreatitis models are described with special attention to the duct injection models in dogs and the obstruction/reflux model in opossums. Practical problems of setup, study controls and monitoring are addressed. As for the opossum model, due to its clinical relevance the high variability of problems in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis that may be tackled by this model makes it a very useful, simple and not too expensive tool in the hands of a pancreatitis researcher.