Olofsson Sigvard, Bergström Tomas
Department of Clinical Virology, University of Göteborg, Sweden.
Ann Med. 2005;37(3):154-72. doi: 10.1080/07853890510007340.
The carbohydrate parts of cell surface glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans constitute receptors for many enveloped as well as non-enveloped human viruses. The majority of viral receptors of carbohydrate nature are negatively charged, including sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or glycans containing sialic acid. Not uncommonly, virus-carbohydrate interactions are responsible for specific tissue tropism, where the affinity of influenza virus for glycans in the respiratory tract containing (a2-6)-linked sialic acid is an important example. Similarly, the number and spacing of sulfates may guide viruses to optimal GAG molecules, although this remains unproven on tissue level. A further understanding of structure and tissue distribution of carbohydrate virus receptors and their viral ligands is essential for elucidating the pathogenesis of such viruses. Also neutral glycans such as histo-blood group substances may function as virus receptors. Here, natural resistance to a given viral disease may occur in a human subpopulation due to lack of such receptors caused by deletion-mutants in critical human genes. As regards antiviral applications, the receptor-destroying enzymes, in contrast to receptor binding proteins, at the surface of, for example, influenza virus have proven to be an excellent target for intervention, which is why sialic acid analogues are now in clinical use both for prophylaxis and treatment.
细胞表面糖蛋白、糖脂和蛋白聚糖的碳水化合物部分构成了许多包膜及非包膜人类病毒的受体。大多数具有碳水化合物性质的病毒受体带负电荷，包括硫酸化糖胺聚糖（GAGs）或含有唾液酸的聚糖。病毒与碳水化合物的相互作用通常决定了特定的组织嗜性，例如流感病毒对呼吸道中含有（α2-6）连接唾液酸的聚糖的亲和力就是一个重要例子。同样，硫酸盐的数量和间距可能引导病毒找到最佳的GAG分子，尽管这在组织水平上尚未得到证实。进一步了解碳水化合物病毒受体及其病毒配体的结构和组织分布对于阐明此类病毒的发病机制至关重要。中性聚糖如组织血型物质也可能充当病毒受体。在这里，由于关键人类基因中的缺失突变导致缺乏此类受体，人类亚群中可能会出现对特定病毒性疾病的天然抵抗力。至于抗病毒应用，与受体结合蛋白不同，流感病毒表面的受体破坏酶已被证明是一个很好的干预靶点，这就是为什么唾液酸类似物目前已在临床用于预防和治疗的原因。
