Molecular prostate cancer pathology: current issues and achievements.

Recent developments in the field of molecular techniques have provided new tools that have led to the discovery of many new promising biomarkers for prostate cancer. These biomarkers may be instrumental in the development of new tests that will have a high specificity for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. A biomarker is defined as a molecular test that provides additional information to currently available clinical and pathological tests. Biomarkers should be reproducible (both within and between institutes) and have an impact on clinical management. For diagnostic purposes it is important that potential biomarkers are tested in terms of tissue specificity and their discrimination potential between prostate cancer, normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia. The results of (multiple) biomarker-based assays may enhance the specificity of cancer detection. There is an urgent need for molecular prognostic biomarkers for predicting the biological behavior and outcome of cancer.