Rinkevich Baruch
National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Tel Shikmona, PO Box 8030, Haifa 31080, Israel.
Environ Sci Technol. 2005 Jun 15;39(12):4333-42. doi: 10.1021/es0482583.
The scientific discipline of active restoration of denuded coral reef areas has drawn much attention in the past decade as it became evident that this ecosystem does not often recover naturally from anthropogenic stress without manipulation. Essentially, the choices are eitherthe continuous degradation of the reefs or active restoration to encourage reef development. As a result, worldwide restoration operations during the past decade have been recognized as being a major tool for reef rehabilitation. This situation has also stirred discussions and debates on the various restoration measures suggested as management options, supplementary to the traditional conservation acts. The present essay reviews past decade's (1994-2004) approaches and advances in coral reef restoration. While direct coral transplantation is still the primer vehicle of operations used, the concept of in situ and ex situ coral nurseries (the gardening concept), where coral materials (nubbins, branches, spats) are maricultured to a size suitable for transplantation, has been gaining recognition. The use of nubbins (down to the size of a single or few polyps) has been suggested and employed as a unique technique for mass production of coral colonies. Restoration of ship grounding sites and the use of artificial reefs have become common tools for specific restoration needs. Substrate stabilization, 3-D structural consideration of developing colonies, and the use of molecular/biochemical tools are part of novel technology approaches developed in the past decade. Economic considerations for reef restoration have become an important avenue for evaluating success of restoration activities. It has been suggested that landscape restoration and restoration genetics are important issues to be studied. In the future, as coral reef restoration may become the dominant conservation act, there would be the need not only to develop improved protocols but also to define the conceptual bases.
在过去十年中，裸珊瑚礁区域的主动恢复这一科学学科备受关注，因为很明显，如果不加以人工干预，这个生态系统往往无法从人为压力中自然恢复。从本质上讲，选择要么是珊瑚礁持续退化，要么是进行主动恢复以促进珊瑚礁发育。因此，在过去十年中，全球范围内的恢复行动已被视为珊瑚礁修复的一项主要手段。这种情况也引发了关于作为管理选项提出的各种恢复措施的讨论和辩论，这些措施是对传统保护行动的补充。本文回顾了过去十年（1994 - 2004年）珊瑚礁恢复的方法和进展。虽然直接珊瑚移植仍然是主要的操作方式，但原位和异位珊瑚苗圃（园艺概念）的理念，即将珊瑚材料（小块、枝条、幼体）进行海水养殖，使其生长到适合移植的大小，已得到越来越多的认可。使用小块珊瑚（小到单个或少数几个珊瑚虫的大小）已被提议并用作大规模生产珊瑚群落的独特技术。修复船舶搁浅地点和使用人工鱼礁已成为满足特定修复需求的常用手段。基质稳定、对发育中的群落进行三维结构考量以及使用分子/生化工具是过去十年中开发的新技术方法的一部分。珊瑚礁恢复的经济考量已成为评估恢复活动成功与否的重要途径。有人提出景观恢复和恢复遗传学是有待研究的重要问题。未来，随着珊瑚礁恢复可能成为主要的保护行动，不仅需要制定改进的方案，还需要明确概念基础。
