Green Beatrice C
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Holton Hall, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA.
J Homosex. 2005;49(2):119-34. doi: 10.1300/J082v49n02_07.
Contemporary attempts to define homophobia argue that it is a composite prejudice reflecting attitudes toward masculinity, sexual license, and social norms. Influenced by studies of other forms of prejudice, researchers have focused on trying to identify characteristics of a "homophobic personality". Strategies to reduce homophobia emphasize education and tolerance. There has yet to be an engaged, respectful discussion of the validity of the fears which constitute the phobia in homophobia. This paper suggests a taxonomy of moral themes which recur in arguments against homosexuality. Judeo-Christian writers quote the scriptural proscription of male anal intercourse and the particularly Christian notion of homosexuality as sin (although it is but one particular in a general denunciation of all non-reproductive sexual acts). Secular concern with masculinity, sex and gender role conformity is also a source of homophobic angst. The contention that homosexual acts are against nature is premised on the biological imperative toward reproduction of the species. It does not address the possibility that human sexuality may have other ends and it certainly is not against an individual nature. Clerical and civic authority exist to maintain social order and to restrain individual license and that to justify the establishment of a normative sexuality. Among marginalized groups, the practice of exclusive homosexuality may provoke fears of ethnic extinction. Lastly, homosexuality has a history associated with social evils, debauchery, prostitution, criminality and pathology. That heritage still affects the desirability or fear of identification as a homosexual or association with homosexuals. It is my intent that this paper will contribute to understanding the etiology of antagonistic attitudes toward homosexuality and promote an overdue acceptance.
当代对恐同症的定义尝试认为，它是一种复合性偏见，反映了对男子气概、性放纵和社会规范的态度。受其他形式偏见研究的影响，研究人员专注于试图识别“恐同人格”的特征。减少恐同症的策略强调教育和宽容。然而，对于构成恐同症恐惧的合理性，尚未有过深入、尊重的讨论。本文提出了一种在反对同性恋的论点中反复出现的道德主题分类法。犹太-基督教作家引用了圣经对男性肛交的禁令，以及基督教特有的将同性恋视为罪恶的观念（尽管这只是对所有非生殖性行为普遍谴责中的一个具体例子）。对男子气概、性和性别角色一致性的世俗关注也是恐同焦虑的一个来源。认为同性恋行为违背自然的观点，是以物种繁殖的生物学必要性为前提的。它没有考虑到人类性行为可能有其他目的，而且肯定不违背个体的本性。神职人员和公民权威的存在是为了维护社会秩序，限制个人放纵，从而为确立规范性行为提供正当理由。在边缘化群体中，排他性同性恋行为可能引发对种族灭绝的恐惧。最后，同性恋有着与社会恶行、放荡、卖淫,犯罪和病态相关的历史。这种历史遗产仍然影响着人们对认同为同性恋或与同性恋者交往的意愿或恐惧。我的意图是，本文将有助于理解对同性恋敌对态度的病因，并促进早该到来的接受。
