Herek G M
J Homosex. 1984 Fall;10(1-2):1-21. doi: 10.1300/J082v10n01_01.
Homophobia, a term often used to describe hostile reactions to lesbians and gay men, implies a unidimensional construct of attitudes as expressions of irrational fears. This paper argues that a more complex view is needed of the psychology of positive and negative attitudes toward homosexual persons. Based upon a review of previous empirical research, a model is proposed that distinguishes three types of attitudes according to the social psychological function they serve: (1) experiential, categorizing social reality by one's past interactions with homosexual persons; (2) defensive, coping with one's inner conflicts or anxieties by projecting them onto homosexual persons; and (3) symbolic, expressing abstract ideological concepts that are closely linked to one's notion of self and to one's social network and reference groups. Strategies are proposed for changing attitudes serving each of the functions. The importance of distinguishing attitudes toward lesbians from those focused on gay men is also discussed.
恐同症，一个常被用来描述对女同性恋者和男同性恋者的敌对反应的术语，暗示了一种将态度视为非理性恐惧表达的一维结构。本文认为，需要对针对同性恋者的积极和消极态度的心理学有更复杂的看法。基于对先前实证研究的回顾，提出了一个模型，该模型根据态度所发挥的社会心理功能区分出三种类型的态度：（1）经验性态度，通过个人过去与同性恋者的互动对社会现实进行分类；（2）防御性态度，通过将内心冲突或焦虑投射到同性恋者身上来应对这些冲突或焦虑；（3）象征性态度，表达与个人自我观念以及社会网络和参照群体紧密相连的抽象意识形态概念。针对发挥每种功能的态度，提出了改变态度的策略。还讨论了区分对女同性恋者的态度和对男同性恋者的态度的重要性。
