Marshall Chloe R, van der Lely Heather K J
Centre for Developmental Language Disorders and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Human Communication Science, University College London, Chandler House, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, UK.
Cognition. 2006 Jun;100(2):302-20. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2005.06.001. Epub 2005 Aug 1.
Is past tense production better modelled by a Single Mechanism or a Words and Rules model? We present data concerning a phenomenon that has not been considered by either model-regular past tense verbs with contrasting phonotactics. One set of verbs contains clusters at the inflected verb end that also occur in monomorphemic words ('monomorphemically legal clusters', MLC) whereas the other has clusters that can only occur in inflected forms ('monomorphemically illegal clusters', MIC). We argue that if children apply a morphological rule, phonotactics will not affect performance. Conversely, if children store past tense forms, they will perform better on verbs with MLCs because these clusters are more frequent. We investigated three populations--typically developing children, Grammatical-SLI (G-SLI) and Williams Syndrome (WS)--using past tense elicitation tasks. In Experiment 1 we reanalyse data from van der Lely and Ullman [van der Lely, H. K. J. & Ullman, M. (2001). Past tense morphology in specifically language impaired and normally developing children. Language and Cognitive Processes, 16: 177-217] and show that G-SLI children perform better on MLC verbs, whereas for typically developing children phonotactics do not affect performance. In Experiment 2 we replicate these findings in new groups of G-SLI and typically developing children. In Experiment 3 we reanalyse data from Thomas et al. [Thomas, M. S. C., Grant, J., Barham, Z., Gsodl, M., Laing, E., Lakusta, L., Tyler, L.K., Grice, S., Paterson, S. & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2001) Past tense formation in Williams Syndrome. Language and Cognitive Processes, 16: 143-176] and show that phonotactics do not affect performance in individuals with WS. We argue that the results elucidate the underlying nature of morphology in these populations, and are better accommodated within a Words and Rules model of past tense acquisition.
过去时的生成用单一机制模型还是词与规则模型来更好地模拟？我们展示了关于一种未被这两种模型考虑的现象的数据——具有对比性音系结构的规则过去时动词。一组动词在屈折动词末尾包含在单语素词中也出现的词簇（“单语素合法词簇”，MLC），而另一组具有只能出现在屈折形式中的词簇（“单语素非法词簇”，MIC）。我们认为，如果儿童应用形态规则，音系结构不会影响表现。相反，如果儿童存储过去时形式，他们在带有MLC的动词上表现会更好，因为这些词簇更常见。我们使用过去时引出任务对三类人群进行了研究——发育正常的儿童、语法特定语言障碍（G-SLI）儿童和威廉姆斯综合征（WS）儿童。在实验1中，我们重新分析了范德·莱利和乌尔曼[范德·莱利，H.K.J. & 乌尔曼，M.（2001）。特定语言障碍儿童和发育正常儿童的过去时形态。语言与认知过程，16：177 - 217]的数据，结果表明G-SLI儿童在MLC动词上表现更好，而对于发育正常的儿童，音系结构不影响表现。在实验2中，我们在新的G-SLI儿童组和发育正常儿童组中重复了这些发现。在实验3中，我们重新分析了托马斯等人[托马斯，M.S.C.，格兰特，J.，巴拉姆，Z.，格索德，M.，莱因，E.，拉库斯塔，L.，泰勒，L.K.，格赖斯，S.，帕特森，S. & 卡米洛夫-史密斯，A.（2001）威廉姆斯综合征中的过去时形成。语言与认知过程，16：143 - 176]的数据，结果表明音系结构不影响WS个体的表现。我们认为这些结果阐明了这些人群中形态学的潜在本质，并且在过去时习得的词与规则模型中能得到更好的解释。
