Toro Esteban, Herrel Anthony, Irschick Duncan J
Stanford University, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
J Biomech. 2006;39(11):2014-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.06.009. Epub 2005 Aug 2.
Whereas maximal performance is subjected to specific control criteria, sub-maximal movements theoretically allow for an infinite number of control strategies. Yet sub-maximal movements are predominant in the locomotor repertoire of most organisms and often little understood. Previous data on sub-maximal vertical jumping in humans has suggested that a movement effectiveness criterion might best explain the observed control strategy employed. Here we test the generality of this criterion in jumping by inducing lizards to jump both at a range of distances as well as a range of take-off angles. Our results show that while movement effectiveness appears to best explain jumping for different take-off angles, a 'push harder' strategy (i.e. mostly increasing the force output of the system), is used in the control of distance jumping. Thus, our data support the generality of the movement effectiveness criterion for vertical jumping, but not for distance jumping. Sub-maximal distance jumping in the lizard Anolis valencienni appears to be governed by a relatively simple control strategy that allows a rapid response. This accords well to the ecological circumstances in which long jumps are typically used (escape from predators).
虽然最大性能受到特定控制标准的约束，但次最大运动理论上允许有无数种控制策略。然而，次最大运动在大多数生物体的运动技能中占主导地位，且往往鲜为人知。此前关于人类次最大垂直跳跃的数据表明，运动有效性标准可能最能解释所观察到的控制策略。在此，我们通过诱导蜥蜴在一系列距离以及一系列起跳角度下跳跃，来测试该标准在跳跃中的普遍性。我们的结果表明，虽然运动有效性似乎最能解释不同起跳角度下的跳跃，但在距离跳跃的控制中使用的是“更用力推”的策略（即主要增加系统的力输出）。因此，我们的数据支持运动有效性标准在垂直跳跃中的普遍性，但不支持在距离跳跃中的普遍性。变色蜥属的瓦氏变色蜥的次最大距离跳跃似乎受一种相对简单的控制策略支配，这种策略能实现快速反应。这与通常进行跳远（逃避捕食者）的生态环境非常相符。
