Holzbaur Katherine R S, Murray Wendy M, Delp Scott L
Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Ann Biomed Eng. 2005 Jun;33(6):829-40. doi: 10.1007/s10439-005-3320-7.
Biomechanical models of the musculoskeletal system are frequently used to study neuromuscular control and simulate surgical procedures. To be broadly applicable, a model must be accessible to users, provide accurate representations of muscles and joints, and capture important interactions between joints. We have developed a model of the upper extremity that includes 15 degrees of freedom representing the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, thumb, and index finger, and 50 muscle compartments crossing these joints. The kinematics of each joint and the force-generating parameters for each muscle were derived from experimental data. The model estimates the muscle-tendon lengths and moment arms for each of the muscles over a wide range of postures. Given a pattern of muscle activations, the model also estimates muscle forces and joint moments. The moment arms and maximum moment-generating capacity of each muscle group (e.g., elbow flexors) were compared to experimental data to assess the accuracy of the model. These comparisons showed that moment arms and joint moments estimated using the model captured important features of upper extremity geometry and mechanics. The model also revealed coupling between joints, such as increased passive finger flexion moment with wrist extension. The computer model is available to researchers at http://nmbl.stanford.edu.
肌肉骨骼系统的生物力学模型经常用于研究神经肌肉控制和模拟外科手术。为了能被广泛应用，一个模型必须让用户能够使用，提供肌肉和关节的准确表征，并捕捉关节之间的重要相互作用。我们开发了一个上肢模型，它包括15个自由度，分别代表肩部、肘部、前臂、腕部、拇指和食指，以及跨越这些关节的50个肌肉腔室。每个关节的运动学和每块肌肉的力产生参数均来自实验数据。该模型可估计在各种姿势下每块肌肉的肌腱长度和力臂。给定肌肉激活模式，该模型还可估计肌肉力和关节力矩。将每个肌肉群（如肘屈肌）的力臂和最大力矩产生能力与实验数据进行比较，以评估模型的准确性。这些比较表明，使用该模型估计的力臂和关节力矩捕捉到了上肢几何结构和力学的重要特征。该模型还揭示了关节之间的耦合，如腕部伸展时被动手指屈曲力矩增加。研究人员可通过http://nmbl.stanford.edu获取该计算机模型。
