Parametric and nonparametric bootstrap methods for meta-analysis.

In a meta-analysis, the unknown parameters are often estimated using maximum likelihood, and inferences are based on asymptotic theory. It is assumed that, conditional on study characteristics included in the model, the between-study distribution and the sampling distributions of the effect sizes are normal. In practice, however, samples are finite, and the normality assumption may be violated, possibly resulting in biased estimates and inappropriate standard errors. In this article, we propose two parametric and two nonparametric bootstrap methods that can be used to adjust the results of maximum likelihood estimation in meta-analysis and illustrate them with empirical data. A simulation study, with raw data drawn from normal distributions, reveals that the parametric bootstrap methods and one of the nonparametric methods are generally superior to the ordinary maximum likelihood approach but suffer from a bias/precision tradeoff. We recommend using one of these bootstrap methods, but without applying the bias correction.