患有智力障碍的学龄前儿童：综合征特异性、行为问题和母亲的幸福感。
Preschool children with intellectual disability: syndrome specificity, behaviour problems, and maternal well-being.
作者信息
Eisenhower A S, Baker B L, Blacher J
机构信息
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
出版信息
J Intellect Disabil Res. 2005 Sep;49(Pt 9):657-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00699.x.
BACKGROUND
Children with intellectual disability (ID) are at heightened risk for behaviour problems and diagnosed mental disorder. Likewise, mothers of children with ID are more stressed than mothers of typically developing children. Research on behavioural phenotypes suggests that different syndromes of ID may be associated with distinct child behavioural risks and maternal well-being risks. In the present study, maternal reports of child behaviour problems and maternal well-being were examined for syndrome-specific differences.
METHODS
The present authors studied the early manifestation and continuity of syndrome-specific behaviour problems in 215 preschool children belonging to 5 groups (typically developing, undifferentiated developmental delays, Down syndrome, autism, cerebral palsy) as well as the relation of syndrome group to maternal well-being.
RESULTS
At age 3, children with autism and cerebral palsy showed the highest levels of behaviour problems, and children with Down syndrome and typically developing children showed the lowest levels. Mothers of children with autism reported more parenting stress than all other groups. These syndrome-specific patterns of behaviour and maternal stress were stable across ages 3, 4 and 5 years, except for relative increases in behaviour problems and maternal stress in the Down syndrome and cerebral palsy groups. Child syndrome contributed to maternal stress even after accounting for differences in behaviour problems and cognitive level.
CONCLUSIONS
These results, although based on small syndrome groups, suggest that phenotypic expressions of behaviour problems are manifested as early as age 3. These behavioural differences were paralleled by differences in maternal stress, such that mothers of children with autism are at elevated risk for high stress. In addition, there appear to be other unexamined characteristics of these syndromes, beyond behaviour problems, which also contribute to maternal stress.
背景
智力残疾（ID）儿童出现行为问题和被诊断为精神障碍的风险更高。同样，ID儿童的母亲比发育正常儿童的母亲压力更大。行为表型研究表明，不同的ID综合征可能与不同的儿童行为风险和母亲幸福感风险相关。在本研究中，对母亲报告的儿童行为问题和母亲幸福感进行了综合征特异性差异检查。
方法
作者研究了215名学龄前儿童（分为5组：发育正常、未分化发育迟缓、唐氏综合征、自闭症、脑瘫）综合征特异性行为问题的早期表现和连续性，以及综合征组与母亲幸福感的关系。
结果
3岁时，自闭症和脑瘫儿童的行为问题水平最高，唐氏综合征儿童和发育正常儿童的行为问题水平最低。自闭症儿童的母亲报告的育儿压力比其他所有组都大。这些综合征特异性的行为和母亲压力模式在3岁、4岁和5岁时保持稳定，但唐氏综合征和脑瘫组的行为问题和母亲压力相对增加。即使考虑到行为问题和认知水平的差异，儿童综合征仍会导致母亲压力。
结论
这些结果虽然基于较小的综合征组，但表明行为问题的表型表达早在3岁时就已显现。这些行为差异与母亲压力的差异并行，因此自闭症儿童的母亲面临高压力的风险更高。此外，除了行为问题之外，这些综合征似乎还有其他未被研究的特征，也会导致母亲压力增加。
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