Visual orienting response in goldfish: a multidisciplinary study.

The neural basis underlying the orienting response has been thoroughly studied in frontal-eyed mammals. However, in non-mammalian species, including fish, it remains almost unknown. Therefore, we studied the contribution of the optic tectum and the mesencephalic reticular formation to the performance of the orienting response in goldfish, using behavioural, physiological, and anatomical tracer techniques. The appearance of a visual stimulus (a pellet of food) in the environment of a goldfish evoked a turn of the body to reorient the line of sight. Left-tectal lobe ablation abolished the orienting turn response towards the contralateral hemifield. Electrical microstimulation of the optic tectum suggested the presence of a motor map, which is in correspondence with the overlying visual representation, as previously reported in other vertebrates. The tracer biotin-dextran amine was injected into different functionally identified tectal zones. The results showed that rostral and caudal poles of the mesencephalic reticular formation receive outflow mainly from the rostral and caudal tectal poles, respectively. This suggests that the tectal wiring with downstream structures is site-dependent. Furthermore, the electrical activation of rostral and caudal mesencephalic reticular formation revealed a different contribution to vertical and horizontal orienting eye movements. We conclude that the basic neural system coding the orienting response appears early in phylogenesis, although some specific characteristics are selected by adaptive pressure.