Goffart Laurent
Centre Gilles Gaston Granger, UMR 7304 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix Marseille Université, 13621 Aix-en-Provence, France.
Vision (Basel). 2025 Jan 14;9(1):6. doi: 10.3390/vision9010006.
The appearance of an object triggers an orienting gaze movement toward its location. The movement consists of a rapid rotation of the eyes, the saccade, which is accompanied by a head rotation if the target eccentricity exceeds the oculomotor range and by a slow eye movement if the target moves. Completing a previous report, we explain the numerous points that lead to questioning the validity of a one-to-one correspondence relation between measured physical values of gaze or head orientation and neuronal activity. Comparing the sole kinematic (or dynamic) numerical values with neurophysiological recordings carries the risk of believing that the activity of central neurons directly encodes gaze or head physical orientation rather than mediating changes in extraocular and neck muscle contraction, not to mention possible changes happening elsewhere (in posture, in the autonomous nervous system and more centrally). Rather than reducing mismatches between extrinsic physical parameters (such as position or velocity errors), eye and head movements are behavioral expressions of intrinsic processes that restore a poly-equilibrium, i.e., balances of activities opposing antagonistic visuomotor channels. Past results obtained in cats and monkeys left a treasure of data allowing a synthesis, which illustrates the formidable complexity underlying the small changes in the orientations of the eyes and head. The aim of this synthesis is to serve as a new guide for further investigations or for comparison with other species.
物体的出现会引发朝向其位置的定向注视运动。该运动由眼睛的快速转动（即扫视）组成，若目标离心率超过动眼范围，扫视会伴有头部转动；若目标移动，则会伴有缓慢的眼动。在完成之前的一份报告后，我们解释了诸多导致人们质疑注视或头部定向的测量物理值与神经元活动之间一对一对应关系有效性的要点。将单纯的运动学（或动力学）数值与神经生理学记录进行比较，存在一种风险，即可能会认为中枢神经元的活动直接编码注视或头部的物理定向，而不是介导眼外肌和颈部肌肉收缩的变化，更不用说其他地方（姿势、自主神经系统及更中枢部位）可能发生的变化了。眼动和头部运动并非是为了减少外在物理参数（如位置或速度误差）之间的不匹配，而是内在过程的行为表现，这些内在过程恢复了一种多平衡状态，即对抗性视觉运动通道活动之间的平衡。过去在猫和猴子身上获得的结果留下了丰富的数据，可供进行综合分析，这说明了眼和头部定向微小变化背后极其复杂的情况。这种综合分析的目的是为进一步研究或与其他物种进行比较提供新的指导。
