Skoulikidis N Th, Amaxidis Y, Bertahas I, Laschou S, Gritzalis K
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research- Institute of Inland Waters 47 degrees km Athens-Sounio, Mavro Lithari P.O. Box 712 - 19013 Anavissos, Attica, Greece.
Sci Total Environ. 2006 Jun 1;362(1-3):205-41. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.018. Epub 2005 Sep 23.
Twenty-nine small- and mid-sized permanent rivers (thirty-six sites) scattered throughout Greece and equally distributed within three geo-chemical-climatic zones, have been investigated in a seasonal base. Hydrochemical types have been determined and spatio-temporal variations have been interpreted in relation to environmental characteristics and anthropogenic pressures. Multivariate statistical techniques have been used to identify the factors and processes affecting hydrochemical variability and the driving forces that control aquatic composition. It has been shown that spatial variation of aquatic quality is mainly governed by geological and hydrogeological factors. Due to geological and climatic variability, the three zones have different hydrochemical characteristics. Temporal hydrological variations in combination with hydrogeological factors control seasonal hydrochemical trends. Respiration processes due to municipal wastewaters, dominate in summer, and enhance nutrient, chloride and sodium concentrations, while nitrate originates primarily from agriculture. Photosynthetic processes dominate in spring. Carbonate chemistry is controlled by hydrogeological factors and biological activity. A possible enrichment of surface waters with nutrients in "pristine" forested catchments is attributed to soil leaching and mineralisation processes. Two management tools have been developed: a nutrient classification system and a rapid prediction of aquatic composition tool.
对分布在希腊各地、均匀分布于三个地球化学 - 气候区的29条中小型常年河流（36个站点）进行了季节性调查。确定了水化学类型，并根据环境特征和人为压力解释了时空变化。运用多元统计技术来识别影响水化学变异性的因素和过程以及控制水体成分的驱动力。结果表明，水体质量的空间变化主要受地质和水文地质因素控制。由于地质和气候的变异性，这三个区域具有不同的水化学特征。时间上的水文变化与水文地质因素相结合，控制着季节性水化学趋势。城市污水导致的呼吸作用过程在夏季占主导地位，会提高营养物质、氯化物和钠的浓度，而硝酸盐主要来源于农业。光合作用过程在春季占主导地位。碳酸盐化学受水文地质因素和生物活动控制。在“原始”森林集水区，地表水可能因营养物质富集，这归因于土壤淋溶和矿化过程。开发了两种管理工具：一种营养分类系统和一种水体成分快速预测工具。
