Keefer Matthew Wilks
Division of Educational Psychology, Research, and Evaluation, University of Missouri-St Louis, One University Boul. MH 469, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
Sci Eng Ethics. 2005 Jul;11(3):413-29. doi: 10.1007/s11948-005-0010-7.
Web-based access to engaging instructional materials for SEE instruction represents an increasingly viable and attractive opportunity for educators. This paper will review research findings that demonstrate important differences in more experienced and novice ethical responses to engaging online materials, including authentic cases, codes, and commentaries. Results demonstrate that experienced ethical thinkers are more likely than novices to appeal to middle level principles that identify professional role-specific obligations (RSO); to make greater use of professional knowledge in order to recognize moral issues and relevant facts; and to employ more 'contextually sensitive' reasoning strategies when crafting resolutions to moral problems--e.g., identify alternative moral issues, assess the moral implications of actions, and provide alternative practical resolutions to conflicts. These findings suggest that when effectively integrated into SEE courses, authentic instructional materials have the potential to effectively challenge students and enhance student learning. However, there is evidence that the uses and benefits of these materials are not well understood. In the second part of this paper, five research-based instructional principles will be identified and discussed that can help SEE instructors better understand how to effectively integrate these materials into their courses.
对于医学伦理教育(SEE)而言,通过网络获取引人入胜的教学材料对教育工作者来说是一个越来越可行且有吸引力的机会。本文将回顾一些研究结果,这些结果表明,经验丰富者和新手在对引人入胜的在线材料(包括真实案例、规范和评论)的伦理反应上存在重要差异。结果表明,与新手相比,经验丰富的伦理思考者更有可能诉诸确定专业角色特定义务(RSO)的中级原则;更多地运用专业知识来识别道德问题和相关事实;并且在制定道德问题的解决方案时采用更“情境敏感”的推理策略,例如识别替代道德问题、评估行动的道德影响以及提供冲突的替代实际解决方案。这些发现表明,当真实的教学材料有效融入医学伦理教育课程时,有潜力有效挑战学生并促进学生学习。然而,有证据表明这些材料的使用和益处并未得到充分理解。在本文的第二部分,将确定并讨论五条基于研究的教学原则,这些原则可以帮助医学伦理教育教师更好地理解如何有效地将这些材料融入他们的课程。