[Neurological manifestations of HIV-infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)].

After the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996 the neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infection did not decline in incidence and prevalence like the other complications of immunodeficiency; in contrast, due to the longer survival times of HAART treated HIV-1-positive individuals, prevalence of virus associated neurological disease increased during the last years, as international studies underline. Therefore, clinicians and HIV-therapists should be able to diagnose HIV-1-associated neurological disease even in early stages. This article describes symptoms and signs, neuro-imaging and cerebrospinal fluid findings as well as therapy options in primary HIV-1-associated neurological disease like encephalo- and myelopathy and polyneuropathy. Furthermore, those opportunistic infections, caused by bacteria, viruses other than HIV and parasites emerging with manifest immunodeficiency and remaining to be relevant in the HAART era are presented from diagnostic, differential-diagnostic and therapeutic points of view. An extra paragraph describes the interaction of HAART with neurological/psychiatric standard therapies.