Wennberg Maria, Lundh Thomas, Bergdahl Ingvar A, Hallmans Göran, Jansson Jan-Håkan, Stegmayr Birgitta, Custodio Hipolito M, Skerfving Staffan
Department of Medicine, Skellefteå Hospital, 931 86 Skellefteå, Sweden.
Environ Res. 2006 Mar;100(3):330-8. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.013. Epub 2005 Oct 10.
The time trends of exposure to heavy metals are not adequately known. This is a worldwide problem with regard to the basis for preventive actions and evaluation of their effects. This study addresses time trends for the three toxic elements cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb). Concentrations in erythrocytes (Ery) were determined in a subsample of the population-based MONICA surveys from 1990, 1994, and 1999 in a total of 600 men and women aged 25-74 years. The study took place in the two northernmost counties in Sweden. To assess the effect of changes in the environment, adjustments were made for life-style factors that are determinants of exposure. Annual decreases of 5-6% were seen for Ery-Pb levels (adjusted for age and changes in alcohol intake) and Ery-Hg levels (adjusted for age and changes in fish intake). Ery-Cd levels (adjusted for age) showed a similar significant decrease in smoking men. It is concluded that for Pb and maybe also Hg the actions against pollution during recent decades have caused a rapid decrease of exposure; for Hg the decreased use of dental amalgam may also have had an influence. For Cd, the decline in Ery-Cd was seen only in smokers, indicating that Cd exposure from tobacco has decreased, while other environmental sources of Cd have not changed significantly. To further improve the health status in Sweden, it is important to decrease the pollution of Cd, and actions against smoking in the community are important.
重金属暴露的时间趋势尚未得到充分了解。这是一个全球性问题，关乎预防行动的依据及其效果评估。本研究探讨了三种有毒元素镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）和铅（Pb）的时间趋势。在1990年、1994年和1999年基于人群的莫尼卡（MONICA）调查的子样本中，测定了总共600名年龄在25 - 74岁之间的男性和女性红细胞（Ery）中的浓度。该研究在瑞典最北部的两个县进行。为评估环境变化的影响，对作为暴露决定因素的生活方式因素进行了调整。红细胞铅水平（根据年龄和酒精摄入量变化进行调整）和红细胞汞水平（根据年龄和鱼类摄入量变化进行调整）每年下降5 - 6%。红细胞镉水平（根据年龄进行调整）在吸烟男性中也出现了类似的显著下降。得出的结论是，对于铅以及可能还有汞，近几十年来针对污染采取的行动已导致暴露迅速减少；对于汞，牙科汞合金使用量的减少可能也起到了一定作用。对于镉，红细胞镉水平的下降仅在吸烟者中出现，这表明烟草中的镉暴露减少了，而其他环境镉源没有显著变化。为进一步改善瑞典的健康状况，减少镉污染很重要，并且社区内的禁烟行动也很重要。
