Batáriová Andrea, Spevácková Vera, Benes Bohuslav, Cejchanová Mája, Smíd Jirí, Cerná Milena
National Institute of Public Health, Centre of Environmental Health, Srobárova 48, 10042 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2006 Jul;209(4):359-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.02.005. Epub 2006 Jun 5.
The Human Biological Monitoring (HBM) project was launched in the Czech Republic in 1994 as a part of the nation-wide Environmental Health Monitoring System to assess the exposure of the Czech general population to a broad spectrum of environmental contaminants. Over the years 2001-2003, the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) were determined in whole blood of 1188 adults (blood donors) and 333 children and in urine of 657 adults and 619 children. In adults, the median blood lead (B-Pb) level was 33microg/l. Men had higher B-Pb levels than women (medians 37microg/l vs. 25microg/l). Significantly higher B-Pb levels were observed in smokers compared to non-smokers (36microg/l vs. 31microg/l). In children, no sex-dependent differences were observed (median 31microg/l). In total, the median blood Cd level (B-Cd) in adults was 0.5microg/l. Smokers showed a median B-Cd level about 3 times as high as non-smokers (1.3microg/l vs. 0.40microg/l). Neither sex- nor age-related differences were observed in B-Cd levels. In 65% of children, B-Cd levels were below the limit of detection (LOD). The overall median urinary cadmium level (U-Cd) in adults was 0.31microg/g creatinine. Significantly higher U-Cd levels were found in women (median 0.39microg/g creatinine) compared to men (0.29microg/g creatinine). No significant differences were found between smokers and non-smokers. In more than 50% of children, the U-Cd level was below the LOD (=0.2microg/l). The median blood mercury (B-Hg) level in adults was 0.89microg/l. Significant differences were found between smokers (0.80microg/l) and non-smokers (0.92microg/l), and between men and women (0.86microg/l vs. 0.94microg/l). The median B-Hg level in children was 0.42microg/l and no sex-related differences were observed. The median urinary mercury (U-Hg) levels were 0.63microg/g creatinine in adults and 0.37microg/g creatinine in children. Significantly higher U-Hg levels were obtained in women and non-smokers compared to men and smokers, respectively. The B-Pb, B-Hg, U-Cd, and U-Hg levels significantly correlated with age. The following reference values were recommended for the period 2001-2003: 80, 65 and 55microg/l for B-Pb and 3.1, 4.0 and 1.5microg/l for B-Hg in men, women and children, respectively; 1.1microg/l and 1.2microg/g creatinine for B-Cd and U-Cd, respectively, in adult non-smokers; 5.4 and 12.0microg/g creatinine for U-Hg in men and women, respectively, and 3.7 and 5.5microg/g creatinine for U-Hg in boys and girls, respectively. The previous reference values for B-Pb and B-Cd needed revision and were reduced.
人类生物监测（HBM）项目于1994年在捷克共和国启动，作为全国环境卫生监测系统的一部分，旨在评估捷克普通人群对多种环境污染物的暴露情况。在2001年至2003年期间，测定了1188名成年人（献血者）和333名儿童全血中铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）和汞（Hg）的浓度，以及657名成年人和619名儿童尿液中这些元素的浓度。在成年人中，血铅（B-Pb）水平中位数为33微克/升。男性的B-Pb水平高于女性（中位数分别为37微克/升和25微克/升）。与不吸烟者相比，吸烟者的B-Pb水平显著更高（分别为36微克/升和31微克/升）。在儿童中，未观察到性别差异（中位数为31微克/升）。总体而言，成年人血镉（B-Cd）水平中位数为0.5微克/升。吸烟者的B-Cd水平中位数约为不吸烟者的3倍（分别为1.3微克/升和0.40微克/升）。在B-Cd水平上未观察到性别和年龄相关差异。65%的儿童B-Cd水平低于检测限（LOD）。成年人尿镉（U-Cd）总体水平中位数为0.31微克/克肌酐。女性的U-Cd水平显著高于男性（中位数分别为0.39微克/克肌酐和0.29微克/克肌酐）。吸烟者和不吸烟者之间未发现显著差异。超过50%的儿童U-Cd水平低于LOD（=0.2微克/升）。成年人血汞（B-Hg）水平中位数为0.89微克/升。吸烟者（0.80微克/升）和不吸烟者（0.92微克/升）之间以及男性和女性之间（分别为0.86微克/升和0.94微克/升）均发现显著差异。儿童B-Hg水平中位数为0.42微克/升，未观察到性别相关差异。成年人尿汞（U-Hg）水平中位数为0.63微克/克肌酐，儿童为0.37微克/克肌酐。女性和不吸烟者的U-Hg水平分别显著高于男性和吸烟者。B-Pb、B-Hg、U-Cd和U-Hg水平与年龄显著相关。推荐了2001年至2003年期间的以下参考值：男性、女性和儿童的B-Pb分别为80、65和55微克/升，B-Hg分别为3.1、4.0和1.5微克/升；成年不吸烟者的B-Cd和U-Cd分别为1.1微克/升和1.2微克/克肌酐；男性和女性的U-Hg分别为5.4和12.0微克/克肌酐，男孩和女孩的U-Hg分别为3.7和5.5微克/克肌酐。之前的B-Pb和B-Cd参考值需要修订并下调。
