Obendorf S K, Lemley A T, Hedge A, Kline A A, Tan K, Dokuchayeva T
Department of Textiles and Apparel, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2006 Jan;50(1):31-44. doi: 10.1007/s00244-004-0185-y. Epub 2005 Oct 19.
Residues for 17 pesticides were analyzed in 41 households in central New York State that represented farm, rural, and urban houses. Samples were taken in both summer and winter of 2000-2001 from the same households from four locations; family room carpet; adjacent smooth floor; flat tabletop surface; and settled dust collected in a Petri dish on a tabletop. Pesticide residues were analyzed to identity factors that influence both the transport into and the redistribution of pesticides in the indoor environment. Differences were observed between the various pesticides and pesticide classifications relative to location within and between households as well as by season. Variations in the pesticide residues were related to a number of factors. Higher residues were observed in the farm households, particularly in summer, with the highest amount observed for chloropyrifos in carpet (33 microg/m2). For many pesticides, the frequency of detection and the amount of residues were higher in summer, which relates to usage patterns in agriculture and horticulture; however, larger amounts of insecticides such as mecoprop, resmethrin, and tetramethrin were found on flat surfaces in winter, indicating household use and possible redistribution within the home. Distribution patterns suggest that routines within a household may cause high variation in residues; these practices include indoor pets and treatment for fleas and ticks, use of termiticides, and fastidiousness of occupants. Frequency of pesticide detection was highest in carpet for both summer and winter for all households, indicating that carpets hold pesticides over time. Adsorbent fibrous materials such as textiles hold pesticides by macro- and micro-occlusion in their complex structures. Amounts of pesticide residue were higher in carpets than on smooth floors, particularly for rural farm households where the farmer was a certified pesticide applicator. The maximum amount of pesticide residue on a smooth floor surface was 13.6 microg/m2 malathion while the maxima on wiped surfaces and in settled dust were 1.8 microg/m2 2, 4 D and 3 microg/m2 pendimethalin, respectively. Physical properties of individual pesticides such as vapor pressure influenced the distribution of the pesticide within the households. Evidence of volatilization of pesticides and redeposition on surfaces was observed, indicating that this is a mechanism for contamination of surfaces in addition to adsorption on airborne particles and tracking. High residues in winter are evidence that closure of households in winter that reduces ventilation results in redistribution of pesticides within households.
对纽约州中部41户家庭中的17种农药残留进行了分析，这些家庭代表了农场、农村和城市住宅。在2000 - 2001年的夏季和冬季，从同一家庭的四个位置采集样本：家庭活动室地毯；相邻的光滑地板；平面桌面；以及在桌面培养皿中收集的沉降灰尘。分析农药残留以确定影响农药在室内环境中迁移和重新分布的因素。观察到不同农药和农药类别在家庭内部和家庭之间的位置以及季节方面存在差异。农药残留的变化与许多因素有关。在农场家庭中观察到较高的残留量，尤其是在夏季，地毯中毒死蜱的残留量最高（33微克/平方米）。对于许多农药，夏季的检测频率和残留量较高，这与农业和园艺中的使用模式有关；然而，冬季在平面上发现了较多的杀虫剂，如灭草丙、炔丙菊酯和胺菊酯，这表明家庭使用以及在家中可能的重新分布。分布模式表明，家庭中的日常活动可能导致残留量的高度变化；这些做法包括室内宠物以及对跳蚤和蜱虫的处理、使用杀白蚁剂以及居住者的洁癖。所有家庭在夏季和冬季地毯中的农药检测频率最高，这表明地毯会长期留存农药。吸附性纤维材料，如纺织品，通过其复杂结构中的宏观和微观吸附作用来留存农药。地毯中的农药残留量高于光滑地板，特别是对于农民是持证农药施用者的农村农场家庭。光滑地板表面马拉硫磷的最大残留量为13.6微克/平方米，而擦拭表面和沉降灰尘中的最大残留量分别为2,4 - D的1.8微克/平方米和二甲戊灵的3微克/平方米。单个农药的物理性质，如蒸气压，影响了农药在家庭中的分布。观察到农药挥发并重新沉积在表面的证据，这表明除了吸附在空气传播颗粒上和通过追踪外，这也是表面污染的一种机制。冬季的高残留量证明，冬季家庭封闭导致通风减少，从而使农药在家庭内部重新分布。
