Chartrand Josée, Gosselin Pierre
Université de Ottawa, Ontario.
Can J Exp Psychol. 2005 Sep;59(3):179-89. doi: 10.1037/h0087473.
The smile is one of the most often expressed emotions during social interactions. It can be authentic, that is, associated with a joyful emotional state in the person expressing it, but it can also be false, that is, deliberately produced in the absence of that emotional state in order to deceive one or more individuals (Ekman, 1993). Even though the fake smile very much resembles the authentic smile, it generally does not constitute the perfect simile. The fake smile more often has a certain degree of asymmetry than the authentic smile (Ekman, Hager, & Friesen, 1981) and it uses the cheek raiser action less often than with the authentic smile (Ekman, Friesen, & O'Sullivan, 1988; Frank, Ekman, & Friesen, 1993). This study looked at the knowledge that adults have of these differences as well as their perceptive ability to detect them. The visual stimuli presented to participants were prepared using the Facial Action Coding System (Ekman & Friesen, 1978). Results show that participants detected the differences between the two types of smile and that detection was better using smile asymmetry than with the cheek raiser action. Analysis of the use of response categories in the detection task indicated that participants underestimated the differences between smiles when they were different and that this tendency was more apparent with the cheek raiser detection method than for asymmetry detection. Participants also demonstrated a better knowledge of smile asymmetry than cheek raiser action. The knowledge gathered suggests that the ability of the receptor to judge smile authenticity is limited by perceptive factors. However, the mediation analyses that we conducted show the judging smile authenticity is not limited to simple perceptive detection of facial clues. Detecting facial clues is a necessary condition for correctly assessing smile authenticity, but it does not explain the variance in these assessments. We believe that this variance would be due more to the importance that participants give to facial clues. Finally, our results show that the capacity to detect differences between authentic and fake smiles is not easy to change. Participants who received modified information on changes of appearance linked to the two facial parameters were not more likely to detect the differences than participants who did not receive information.
微笑是社交互动中最常表达的情绪之一。它可以是真实的，即与表达微笑的人的愉悦情绪状态相关，但也可以是虚假的，即在没有那种情绪状态时故意做出以欺骗一个或多个人（埃克曼，1993年）。尽管假笑与真笑非常相似，但它通常并非完美的模仿。假笑比真笑更常出现一定程度的不对称（埃克曼、黑格和弗里森，1981年），并且与真笑相比，它较少使用提颊动作（埃克曼、弗里森和奥沙利文，1988年；弗兰克、埃克曼和弗里森，1993年）。本研究考察了成年人对这些差异的了解以及他们察觉这些差异的感知能力。呈现给参与者的视觉刺激是使用面部动作编码系统（埃克曼和弗里森，1978年）准备的。结果表明，参与者能够察觉到两种微笑之间的差异，并且通过微笑不对称来察觉比通过提颊动作效果更好。对检测任务中反应类别使用情况的分析表明，当微笑不同时，参与者低估了它们之间的差异，并且这种倾向在提颊动作检测方法中比在不对称检测中更明显。参与者对微笑不对称的了解也比对提颊动作的了解更好。所收集的知识表明，接受者判断微笑真实性的能力受到感知因素的限制。然而，我们进行的中介分析表明，判断微笑真实性并不局限于对面部线索的简单感知检测。检测面部线索是正确评估微笑真实性的必要条件，但它并不能解释这些评估中的差异。我们认为这种差异更多地是由于参与者对面部线索的重视程度。最后，我们的结果表明，察觉真笑和假笑之间差异的能力不容易改变。与未收到信息的参与者相比，收到关于与两个面部参数相关的外貌变化的修改信息的参与者并没有更有可能察觉到差异。
