Future perspectives in COPD.

The pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is complex. The development of a multidimensional index--such as the BODE index--provides a means of classifying patients with COPD that also correlates with their prognosis. The individual components of the BODE index--body mass index (B), airflow obstruction (O) dyspnoea (D) and exercise capacity (E)--incorporate the pulmonary as well as the systemic effects seen in patients with COPD. Recent research has focussed on examining these impairments (including those of metabolism and inflammation) more carefully, and determining the effects of treatment on both the systemic and physiological aspects of COPD. Ongoing research initiatives by the public and private sector will contribute to our understanding of the disease processes underlying COPD, our understanding of the benefits associated with commonly used pharmacotherapies, as well as laying the foundations for the development of new agents and therapeutic tools. Advances in the use of pharmacotherapy have been mirrored by research to better define the benefits associated with pulmonary rehabilitation. Many questions remain to be answered, but a comprehensive approach is now considered essential to the life-long management of COPD, and will undoubtedly reduce the considerable socio-economic burden of COPD.