Shiffman Saul
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
J Pers. 2005 Dec;73(6):1715-48. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2005.00364.x.
This article describes a program of research applying Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods to study relapse to cigarette smoking, with a particular focus on the role of negative affect (NA) and self-efficacy (SE). Day-to-day changes in mood and stress did not predict lapse risk, but more proximal changes in affect were associated with lapses: Many lapses were marked by intense NA and by NA increases in the preceding hours. Individual differences in baseline SE predicted lapse risk, but daily SE was relatively stable during abstinence and did not influence lapse risk. However, lapses resulted in immediate drops in SE, and day-to-day changes in postlapse SE predicted progression to relapse, even after accounting for concurrent smoking. SE showed momentary drops associated with NA, but only among smokers with low baseline SE. Individual differences in baseline SE were only expressed situationally under conditions of NA. The findings highlight the importance of dynamic changes in background conditions and in immediate states as important influences on lapses and relapse and also suggest the importance of considering person by situation interactions.
本文描述了一项运用生态瞬时评估（EMA）方法来研究吸烟复发情况的研究计划，特别关注负面影响（NA）和自我效能感（SE）的作用。日常情绪和压力的变化并不能预测复吸风险，但更近期的情绪变化与复吸有关：许多复吸表现为强烈的负面影响以及前几个小时内负面影响的增加。基线自我效能感的个体差异可预测复吸风险，但在戒烟期间每日自我效能感相对稳定，且不影响复吸风险。然而，复吸会导致自我效能感立即下降，复吸后自我效能感的日常变化可预测复发进展，即使在考虑同时吸烟的情况下也是如此。自我效能感表现出与负面影响相关的瞬时下降，但仅在基线自我效能感较低的吸烟者中出现。基线自我效能感的个体差异仅在负面影响的条件下情境性地表现出来。这些发现凸显了背景条件和即时状态的动态变化作为对复吸和复发的重要影响因素的重要性，也表明了考虑个体与情境相互作用的重要性。
