Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
Subst Use Misuse. 2023;58(14):1883-1894. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2257312. Epub 2023 Oct 31.
Despite public knowledge of the adverse health effects of tobacco use, cigarettes remain widely used due to the addictive nature of nicotine. Physiologic adaptation to the presence of nicotine over time leads to unpleasant effects during withdrawal periods. Alongside these physiological effects, tobacco users often report changes in their consumption of tobacco in response to their emotional state. We hypothesized that idiographic, or person-specific level, increases in participants' negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) ratings at a given time point would be associated with higher and lower craving and smoking over the following several hours, respectively. Fifty-two participants completed block randomized ecological momentary assessment surveys on their smartphones 4 times per day for 30 days, reporting from 0-100 their level of seven discrete emotions, stress, current craving, and smoking behavior. We analyzed the relationships between affect and smoking and craving using idiographic generalized linear models. While some participants exhibited the hypothesized relationships, each participant varied in the strength and direction of the relationships between affect and craving/smoking. These outcomes were partially moderated at the group level by anxiety/depression at baseline, but not by level of nicotine dependence or sex. This suggests that the factors driving cigarette use vary significantly between individuals.
尽管公众普遍了解吸烟对健康的不良影响，但由于尼古丁的成瘾性，香烟仍然被广泛使用。随着时间的推移，身体对尼古丁的适应性会导致戒断期间出现不适。除了这些生理影响外，烟草使用者通常还会报告他们的烟草消费习惯会根据情绪状态而发生变化。我们假设，在给定时间点参与者的负性情绪（NA）和正性情绪（PA）评分的特质性（或个体特异性）增加，将分别与随后几个小时内更高和更低的渴望和吸烟有关。52 名参与者在智能手机上完成了 4 次/天、为期 30 天的随机块生态瞬间评估调查，报告了 7 种离散情绪、压力、当前渴望和吸烟行为的 0-100 分。我们使用特质性广义线性模型分析了情绪与吸烟和渴望之间的关系。虽然一些参与者表现出了假设的关系，但每个参与者的情绪与渴望/吸烟之间的关系的强度和方向都有所不同。这些结果在群体水平上部分被基线时的焦虑/抑郁所调节，但不受尼古丁依赖程度或性别影响。这表明，驱使香烟使用的因素在个体之间存在显著差异。
