Pedder J
Psychotherapy Unit, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK.
Br J Med Psychol. 1992 Jun;65(2):95-106. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1992.tb01690.x.
Various problems in relation to psychoanalytic theories of aggression are considered in a review which is by no means exhaustive but includes areas which have puzzled and interested the author. First to be considered is why the concept of aggression as a major drive was a relative late-comer in psychoanalysis; next the contentious concept of a 'death instinct' and some of the factors in Freud's lifetime which may have contributed to both. Then it is suggested that we seem to have theories of aggression which might be called primary or secondary in two different senses. First is the question whether aggression is innate or secondary to frustration. In another sense, primary and secondary theories of aggression seem to survive paralleling Freud's original primary and secondary theories of anxiety. In this sense the primary theory survives as an explanation of psychosomatic disorder. Lastly, the link between suicide and murder is considered and the turning of aggression against the self in depression and self-destructive attacks.
一篇综述探讨了与精神分析攻击理论相关的各种问题，这篇综述绝非详尽无遗，但涵盖了一些让作者感到困惑和感兴趣的领域。首先要考虑的是，为什么攻击作为一种主要驱力的概念在精神分析中出现得相对较晚；其次是有争议的“死亡本能”概念，以及弗洛伊德时代可能促成这两者的一些因素。然后有人提出，我们似乎有两种不同意义上可称为原发性或继发性的攻击理论。首先是攻击是天生的还是挫折引发的这一问题。在另一种意义上，原发性和继发性攻击理论似乎与弗洛伊德最初的原发性和继发性焦虑理论并存。从这个意义上说，原发性理论作为心身障碍的一种解释而留存下来。最后，探讨了自杀与谋杀之间的联系，以及在抑郁症和自我毁灭攻击中攻击转向自身的情况。
