Marais Elrike, Klok C Jaco, Terblanche John S, Chown Steven L
Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
J Exp Biol. 2005 Dec;208(Pt 23):4495-507. doi: 10.1242/jeb.01928.
Most investigations of insect gas exchange patterns and the hypotheses proposed to account for their evolution have been based either on small-scale, manipulative experiments, or comparisons of a few closely related species. Despite their potential utility, no explicit, phylogeny-based, broad-scale comparative studies of the evolution of gas exchange in insects have been undertaken. This may be due partly to the preponderance of information for the endopterygotes, and its scarcity for the apterygotes and exopterygotes. Here we undertake such a broad-scale study. Information on gas exchange patterns for the large majority of insects examined to date (eight orders, 99 species) is compiled, and new information on 19 exemplar species from a further ten orders, not previously represented in the literature (Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Mantodea, Mantophasmatodea, Phasmatodea, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera), is provided. These data are then used in a formal, phylogeny-based parsimony analysis of the evolution of gas exchange patterns at the order level. Cyclic gas exchange is likely to be the ancestral gas exchange pattern at rest (recognizing that active individuals typically show continuous gas exchange), and discontinuous gas exchange probably originated independently a minimum of five times in the Insecta.
大多数关于昆虫气体交换模式的研究以及为解释其进化而提出的假说，要么基于小规模的操纵性实验，要么基于少数近缘物种的比较。尽管这些研究有潜在价值，但尚未开展基于系统发育的、广泛的昆虫气体交换进化比较研究。这可能部分归因于关于内翅部昆虫的信息占主导，而无翅部和外翅部昆虫的信息匮乏。在此，我们开展这样一项广泛的研究。我们汇编了迄今所研究的大多数昆虫（八个目，99个物种）的气体交换模式信息，并提供了来自另外十个目（石蛃目、衣鱼目、蜉蝣目、蜻蜓目、螳螂目、螳䗛目、竹节虫目、革翅目、脉翅目、毛翅目）的19个代表性物种的新信息，这些目在以往文献中尚无相关报道。然后，这些数据被用于在目水平上对气体交换模式进化进行基于系统发育的简约分析。循环气体交换可能是静止时的原始气体交换模式（要认识到活跃个体通常表现为连续气体交换），而间断气体交换可能在昆虫纲中至少独立起源了五次。
