Yeung Man Lung, Bennasser Yamina, LE Shu Yun, Jeang Kuan Teh
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460, USA.
Cell Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;15(11-12):935-46. doi: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290371.
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) are small RNAs of 18-25 nucleotides (nt) in length that play important roles in regulating gene expression. They are incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and serve as guides for silencing their corresponding target mRNAs based on complementary base-pairing. The promise of gene silencing has led many researchers to consider siRNA as an anti-viral tool. However, in long-term settings, many viruses appear to escape from this therapeutical strategy. An example of this may be seen in the case of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) which is able to evade RNA silencing by either mutating the siRNA-targeted sequence or by encoding for a partial suppressor of RNAi (RNA interference). On the other hand, because miRNA targeting does not require absolute complementarity of base-pairing, mutational escape by viruses from miRNA-specified silencing may be more difficult to achieve. In this review, we discuss stratagems used by various viruses to avoid the cells' antiviral si/mi-RNA defenses and notions of how viruses might control and regulate host cell genes by encoding viral miRNAs (vmiRNAs).
小干扰RNA（siRNA）和微小RNA（miRNA）是长度为18 - 25个核苷酸（nt）的小RNA，在调节基因表达中发挥重要作用。它们被整合到RNA诱导沉默复合体（RISC）中，并基于互补碱基配对作为沉默其相应靶mRNA的向导。基因沉默的前景使许多研究人员将siRNA视为一种抗病毒工具。然而，在长期情况下，许多病毒似乎能够逃避这种治疗策略。人类免疫缺陷病毒1型（HIV - 1）就是一个例子，它能够通过突变siRNA靶向序列或编码RNAi（RNA干扰）的部分抑制因子来逃避RNA沉默。另一方面，由于miRNA靶向不需要碱基配对的绝对互补性，病毒通过突变逃避miRNA介导的沉默可能更难实现。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了各种病毒用于逃避细胞抗病毒si/mi - RNA防御的策略，以及病毒如何通过编码病毒miRNA（vmiRNA）来控制和调节宿主细胞基因的相关概念。
