Cohen S M, Johansson S L
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha.
Urol Clin North Am. 1992 Aug;19(3):421-8.
Urinary bladder cancer has long been associated with specific etiologic factors, and our knowledge of these factors has increased during this century. The most important factor, even in industrialized societies, is cigarette smoking. Specific chemicals have also been identified as causing bladder cancer, as have a variety of occupational exposures to less well-defined specific agents. In other parts of the world, the association of bladder cancer with Balkan nephropathy, endemic blackfoot disease, and schistosomiasis provides additional leads for investigating, and potentially preventing, the process of carcinogenesis in humans. Many of the critical observations in our understanding of bladder cancer have been made by practicing physicians, and this is likely to continue. It is essential that physicians dealing with bladder cancer patients be attuned to potential etiologic factors, including cigarette smoking, various industrial exposures, or drug exposures to further our understanding of this issue. Bladder cancer is a potentially preventable disease and an important one, as indicated by the total number of cases and the extent of morbidity and death attributable to it around the world.
膀胱癌长期以来一直与特定的病因相关，在本世纪我们对这些因素的认识有所增加。即使在工业化社会，最重要的因素也是吸烟。特定的化学物质也已被确定可导致膀胱癌，各种职业性接触不太明确的特定物质也会导致膀胱癌。在世界其他地区，膀胱癌与巴尔干肾病、地方性黑脚病和血吸虫病的关联为研究和潜在预防人类致癌过程提供了更多线索。我们对膀胱癌的许多关键观察都是由执业医生做出的，而且这种情况可能会持续下去。处理膀胱癌患者的医生必须关注潜在的病因，包括吸烟、各种工业接触或药物接触，以进一步加深我们对这个问题的理解。膀胱癌是一种潜在可预防的重要疾病，从全球病例总数以及与之相关的发病率和死亡率来看，情况确实如此。
