Heird William C, Ziegler Paula, Reidy Kathleen, Briefel Ronette
Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2006 Jan;106(1 Suppl 1):S43-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2005.09.043.
To determine how sodium, chloride, and potassium intakes of today's infants and toddlers compare with the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) of these nutrients established recently by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine.
Population estimates of usual intake distributions of sodium, chloride (assumed to be equamolar to sodium), and potassium of 4- to 5-, 6- to 11-, and 12- to 24-month-old infants and toddlers were calculated and compared with DRIs of these nutrients by 0- to 6-month-old, 7- to 12-month-old, and 1- to 3-year-old children.
Infants and toddlers (n=3,022) who participated in the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study.
Means and distributions (percentiles) of the usual intakes of sodium, chloride, and potassium were calculated using Institute of Medicine-recommended procedures and compared with the DRIs (ie, Adequate Intake [AI] and tolerable upper intake level [UL]).
Mean sodium and chloride intakes of 4- to 5-month-old infants (188 mg/day and 290 mg/day, respectively) were 57% greater than the AIs (120 mg/day and 180 mg/day) and mean potassium intake (730 mg/day) was 83% higher than the AI (400 mg/day). Mean sodium, chloride, and potassium intakes of 6- to 11-month-old infants were 493 mg/day, 761 mg/day, and 1,225 mg/day, respectively-33%, 33%, and 75% higher than the AIs of these nutrients for this age group (sodium, 370 mg/day; chloride, 570 mg/day; potassium, 700 mg/day). Even the 10th percentile of potassium intake of this age group was greater than the AI. The usual mean sodium and chloride intakes of 12- to 24-month-old toddlers (1,638 mg/day and 2,528 mg/day, respectively) were 64% higher than the AIs (1,000 mg/day and 1,540 mg/day, respectively) and the usual mean sodium and chloride intakes of 58% of this age group were above the ULs. In contrast, mean potassium intake of 12- to 24-month-old toddlers (1,971 mg/day) was only 66% of the AI (3,000 mg/day). At all ages, sources of sodium, chloride, and potassium intakes reflected current feeding guidelines, primarily human milk and formula prior to 6 months of age and primarily cow's milk and table foods after 1 year of age.
Mean sodium and chloride intakes of infants and toddlers who participated in the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study exceeded the recently established AIs of these nutrients and the mean intake of 58% of toddlers exceeded the ULs. Mean potassium intake of infants also exceeded the AI of potassium, but the mean potassium intake of toddlers was only 66% of the AI. Whether current intakes of sodium, chloride, and potassium by infants and toddlers are problematical is not clear. Nonetheless, it seems desirable to bring these intakes closer to AIs. This can be accomplished by continuing breast- or formula-feeding and delaying the introduction of cow's milk; limiting the amount of salt added to home-prepared foods; limiting the intake of high-sodium foods, such as processed meats and salty snacks; and increasing the intake of fruits (high potassium and low sodium content) and vegetables (moderate potassium and sodium content).
确定当今婴幼儿的钠、氯和钾摄入量与医学研究所食品与营养委员会最近制定的这些营养素的膳食参考摄入量（DRIs）相比情况如何。
计算了4至5个月、6至11个月以及12至24个月婴幼儿钠、氯（假定与钠等摩尔）和钾的通常摄入量分布的总体估计值，并与0至6个月、7至12个月以及1至3岁儿童的这些营养素的DRIs进行比较。
参与2002年婴幼儿喂养研究的婴幼儿（n = 3022）。
使用医学研究所推荐的方法计算钠、氯和钾的通常摄入量的均值和分布（百分位数），并与DRIs（即适宜摄入量[AI]和可耐受最高摄入量[UL]）进行比较。
4至5个月婴儿的钠和氯平均摄入量（分别为188毫克/天和290毫克/天）比AI（分别为120毫克/天和180毫克/天）高57%，钾平均摄入量（730毫克/天）比AI（400毫克/天）高83%。6至11个月婴儿的钠、氯和钾平均摄入量分别为493毫克/天、761毫克/天和1225毫克/天，比该年龄组这些营养素的AI（钠370毫克/天；氯570毫克/天；钾700毫克/天）分别高33%、33%和75%。即使该年龄组钾摄入量的第10百分位数也高于AI。12至24个月幼儿的钠和氯通常平均摄入量（分别为1638毫克/天和2528毫克/天）比AI（分别为1000毫克/天和1540毫克/天）高64%，该年龄组58%的幼儿的钠和氯通常平均摄入量高于ULs。相比之下，12至24个月幼儿的钾平均摄入量（1971毫克/天）仅为AI（3000毫克/天）的66%。在所有年龄段，钠、氯和钾的摄入来源都反映了当前的喂养指南，主要是6个月龄前的母乳和配方奶，以及一岁后主要是牛奶和家常食物。
参与2002年婴幼儿喂养研究的婴幼儿的钠和氯平均摄入量超过了最近制定的这些营养素的AI，58%的幼儿平均摄入量超过了ULs。婴儿的钾平均摄入量也超过了钾的AI，但幼儿的钾平均摄入量仅为AI的66%。婴幼儿目前的钠、氯和钾摄入量是否存在问题尚不清楚。尽管如此，使这些摄入量更接近AI似乎是可取的。这可以通过持续母乳喂养或配方奶喂养并推迟引入牛奶；限制在家自制食物中添加的盐量；限制高钠食物（如加工肉类和咸味零食）的摄入量；以及增加水果（高钾低钠含量）和蔬菜（中等钾和钠含量）的摄入量来实现。
